[64] Moreover, it exposed the German tank armies to flanking attacks from the Soviet 49th and 50th Armies, located near Tula, further slowing the advance. 80ff. To achieve this objective, the German Third and Fourth Panzer Groups needed to concentrate their forces between the Volga Reservoir and Mozhaysk, then proceed past the Soviet 30th Army to Klin and Solnechnogorsk, encircling the capital from the north. [114][115], Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}5545N 3738E / 55.750N 37.633E / 55.750; 37.633, This article is about the 1941 battle. The Nazis set up border patrols to stop these flights across the very long border, but locals who knew the woods found ways to bypass them. Although 100,000 additional Soviet soldiers had reinforced Klin and Tula, where renewed German offensives were expected, Soviet defenses remained relatively thin. V. ", " --[ ]-- .. Following its last reorganisation in 1942, the Army consisted of the following units:[citation needed]. The only notable success of the offensive occurred west of Moscow near Aleksino, where Soviet tanks inflicted heavy losses on the 4th Army because the Germans still lacked anti-tank weapons capable of damaging the new, well-armoured T-34 tanks. On his return to Norway, General Bhme issued a secret directive to his commanders in which he ordered "unconditional military obedience" and "iron discipline". Moscow was one of the primary military and political objectives for Axis forces in their invasion of the Soviet Union. [52], Moscow itself was also hastily fortified. [60] But in comparison to the situation in October, Soviet rifle divisions occupied a much stronger defensive position: a triple defensive ring surrounding the city and some remnants of the Mozhaisk line near Klin. Not all historians agree on what should be considered the "Battle of Moscow" in the timeline of World War II. In the end, 37 people were executed by Norwegian authorities: 25 Norwegians on the grounds of treason, and 12 Germans on the grounds of crimes against humanity. [103] Low Red Army reserves and Wehrmacht tactical skill led to a bloody stalemate near Rzhev, known as the "Rzhev meat grinder", and to a string of Red Army defeats, such as the Second Battle of Kharkov, the failed attempt at elimination of the Demyansk pocket, and the encirclement of General Andrey Vlasov's army in a failed attempt to lift the siege of Leningrad, and the destruction of Red Army forces in Crimea. Both sources use Luftwaffe records. However, a unified Royal Norwegian Air Force was only founded as a separate branch of the military of Norway on 10 November 1944; until then it operated in two distinct branchesthen known as the Royal Norwegian Navy Air Service and the Norwegian Army Air Service. Immediately after the Moscow counter-offensive, a series of Soviet attacks (the Battles of Rzhev) were attempted against the salient, each time with heavy losses on both sides. People kept pigs, rabbits, chicken and other poultry in their houses and out-buildings. A second attempt was made to outflank Army Group Centre's northern forces, but met strong opposition near Rzhev and was forced to halt, forming a salient that would last until March 1943. A number of the "Police troops" were employed in the liberation of Finnmark in the winter of 1944/45 after the area had been evacuated by the Germans. [4]:95 Moving east, the Germans were surprised when the British started to abandon Narvik on 3 June. At first, the German forces attempted to bypass Soviet defenses by pushing northeast towards the weakly protected city of Kalinin and south towards Kaluga and Tula, capturing all except Tula by 14 October. When the Germans finally capitulated on 8 May 1945, the 1st company of the Varanger battalion was positioned along the Finnmark-Troms border to the west of Alta. The Courland Pocket was an area of the Courland Peninsula where Army Group North of Nazi Germany and the Reichskommissariat Ostland were cut off and surrounded by the Red Army for almost a year, lasting from July 1944 until 10 May 1945.. [4]:72 This did not please the German authorities, who initially wanted the legitimate government to remain in place. The envoy was named Force 138 and the operation was called "Operation Crofter". Soviet reserves ran low, and the offensive halted on 7January 1942, after having pushed the exhausted and freezing German armies back 100250km (62155mi) from Moscow. [citation needed]. [119] She was deemed a constructive total loss and was scrapped. Discover the stunning fjords of Southern Norway or head north to explore a remote and ethereal wonderland. Despite this brave show, the Red Army's position remained precarious. The Battle of Moscow was a military campaign that consisted of two periods of strategically significant fighting on a 600km (370mi) sector of the Eastern Front during World War II. 331 and 332) and Norwegian fighters operating in RAF service accounted for a total of 247 enemy aircraft destroyed, 42 assumed destroyed and 142 damaged. The following afternoon, on 8 May, an Allied military mission arrived in Oslo to deliver the conditions for capitulation to the Germans, and arranged the surrender, which took effect at midnight. [112], On the Russian side, discipline became ferocious. The bow section was refloated and scuttled in December 2014. The Blcher, which carried the main forces to occupy the capital, was sunk in the Oslofjord on the first day of the invasion. Musical support during the parade is always provided by the Massed Bands of the Moscow Garrison, which includes various military bands in the Western Military District, The Regimental Band of the 154th Preobrazhensky Regiment, and the Central Military Band of the Ministry of Defense of Russia.[107][108]. City parks were divided among inhabitants, who grew potatoes, cabbage, and other hardy vegetables. A small number of JG 5's surviving aircraft have been recently restored to flying condition as warbird aircraft with various organizations that fly them in airshow events, and a few others that served with JG 5 are also in the process of being restored to flying condition, early in the 21st century. Glantz, chapter 6, sub-ch. Although there was much resistance against most of the Nazi government's policies, there was considerable cooperation in ensuring economic activity and social welfare programs. [49][50] Given the limited resources available, Zhukov decided to concentrate his forces at four critical points: the 16th Army under Lieutenant General Rokossovsky guarded Volokolamsk, Mozhaisk was defended by 5th Army under Major General Govorov, the 43rd Army of Major General Golubev defended Maloyaroslavets, and the 49th Army under Lieutenant General Zakharkin protected Kaluga. Join us on a guided walk through the fishing village of Svinya. [25] The attack relied on standard blitzkrieg tactics, using Panzer groups rushing deep into Soviet formations and executing double-pincer movements, pocketing Red Army divisions and destroying them. [77], The Axis offensive on Moscow stopped. About 300,000 Germans were garrisoned in Norway for the rest of the war. [58] On the same day, the French-manned 638th Infantry Regiment, the only foreign formation of the Wehrmacht that took part in the advance on Moscow, went into action near the village of Diutkovo. Commando raids were carried out in several locations; some with the intention of deceiving German commanders as part of Operation Fortitude North, others with the explicit aim of disrupting German military and scientific capabilities, such as sabotaging the German nuclear energy project. Civil rule was effectively assumed by the Reichskommissariat Norwegen (Reich Commissariat of Norway), which acted in collaboration with the pro-German puppet government. The tug foundered off the coast of Nigeria. [61] By 27 November, the German 7th Panzer Division had seized a bridgehead across the Moscow-Volga Canalthe last major obstacle before Moscowand stood less than 35km (22mi) from the Kremlin;[58] but a powerful counterattack by the 1st Shock Army drove them back. While production capacity largely remained intact, the German authorities confiscated a very large part of the output. Hirden had a broad mandate that included the use of violence. The rest of the refugees were effectively locked up in Sweden for the duration, except for a small number of officers, pilots or other specialists managing to obtain priority on the occasional plane leaving Sweden for Britain. This page was last edited on 7 November 2022, at 14:07. The German 4th Field Army in the centre were to "pin down the troops of the Western Front. These included Norwegian Jews, political activists, and others who had reason to fear for their lives. Heinz Guderian wrote in his journal that "the offensive on Moscow failed We underestimated the enemy's strength, as well as his size and climate. Germany became the main trading partner, but could not make up for the lost import and export business. It also led to the abandonment of Norway's traditional policy of neutrality, formalized when Norway became a founding member of NATO in 1949. Hawaii Cruise Packages Five days later, when the German army prepared to withdraw, only around 45,000 short tons (41,000t) had been saved. Over time, an organized armed resistance movement, known as Milorg and numbering some 40,000 armed men at the end of the war, was formed under a largely unified command, something which greatly facilitated the transfer of power in May 1945. On 1617 October, much of the civilian population tried to flee, mobbing the available trains and jamming the roads from the city. An administrative council led by Ingolf Elster Christensen was therefore established on 15 April to administer those areas which had so far come under German control. Great Soviet Encyclopedia, Moscow, 197378, entry "Battle of Moscow 194142". WebAustralia and New Zealand cruise and land tours are usually available from December through April. 28,750 were arrested, though most were released for lack of evidence. After meeting determined resistance from the Soviet 1st Guards Motorized Rifle Division and flank counterattacks staged by the 33rd Army, the German offensive stalled and was driven back four days later in the ensuing Soviet counteroffensive. The cargo ship used for transporting aircraft wings for, The ferry suffered a lost propeller and consequently capsized at, The cargo ship suffered an engine room fire 3 nautical miles (5.6km) off, The cargo ship foundered off the coast of Japan with the loss of three of her twelve crew. Finally, Soviet troopsand especially officerswere now more experienced and better prepared for the offensive. Furthermore, about 15,000 Norwegians volunteered for combat duty on the Nazi side; of the 6,000 sent into action as part of the Germanic SS, most were sent to the Eastern front. "British Lend-Lease Tanks and the Battle of Moscow, NovemberDecember 1941 Revisited. [101] In particular, the initial Soviet advance was unable to reduce the Rzhev salient, held by several divisions of Army Group Centre. Hirden was a fascist paramilitary force with party members subordinate to the ruling party. The adversity created as a result of the occupation strengthened and further defined the Norwegian national identity. In the other cities that were attacked, the Germans faced only weak or no resistance. The British Navy cleared the way to Narvik on 13 April, sinking one submarine and eight destroyers in the fjord. Reinforcements arrived from the Norwegian Rikspoliti based in Sweden as well as convoys from Britain. [76] Official Soviet Meteorological Service records show that at the lowest point, the lowest December temperature reached 28.8C (20F). We paddle between 5 to 15 kilometres (2 to 4 hours) per outing, often taking a snack and a flask of hot chocolate to enjoy on our excursion. [91][92] Nevertheless, Hitler insisted on defending the existing lines, and Guderian was dismissed by 25 December, along with generals Hoepner and Strauss, commanders of the 4th Panzer and 9th Army, respectively. It was taken to America and shown at the Globe in New York in August 1942. [4]:88. The First Sea Lord Admiral Dudley Pound, acting on information Shortly afterward, British troops landed at Namsos and ndalsnes, to attack Trondheim from the north and from the south, respectively. The area traditionally inhabited by the Smi people is known in Northern Smi as Spmi, and typically includes the northern parts of Fennoscandia.Previously, the Smi have probably inhabited areas further south in Fennoscandia. [31][32] Four Soviet armies (the 16th, 19th, 20th, 24th and part of the 32nd) were encircled in a large pocket just west of the city. [54], On 13 October 1941 (15 October, according to other sources), the Wehrmacht resumed its offensive. We've built a reputation for discounts, service and professionalism that is second to none. German offensive, Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany, Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland, Faceted Application of Subject Terminology, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Moscow&oldid=1122727784, Battles and operations of the SovietGerman War, Battles of World War II involving Germany, Strategic operations of the Red Army in World War II, World War II aerial operations and battles of the Eastern Front, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2020, Interlanguage link template forcing interwiki links, Articles containing Russian-language text, Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Heinz Guderian, (Memoirs of a soldier), Smolensk, Rusich, 1999 (Russian translation of, Hill, Alexander (2009). While resistance in Norway had little military success, it had the significant political effect of allowing the Norwegian government, including the royal family, to escape. Most of these troops were under the authority of the Waffen-SS and the SS and Police Leader hierarchy. Initially, the Soviet forces conducted a strategic defence of the Moscow Oblast by constructing three defensive belts, deploying newly raised reserve armies, and bringing troops from the Siberian and Far Eastern Military Districts. Even Hitler seemed to surrender to the idea of a long struggle, since the prospect of sending tanks into such a large city without heavy infantry support seemed risky after the costly capture of Warsaw in 1939. Soviet resistance was still strong, and the outcome of the battle was by no means certain. A planned Norwegian administration was set up overnight. Before the German invasion of Russia, a number of them managed to make their way out of Sweden and travel over Russian territory to Britain, often via India, South Africa or Canada. Ultimately, these failures would lead to a successful German offensive in the south and to the Battle of Stalingrad. The Nazi authorities made attempts to enact legislation that supported its actions and policies; it therefore banned all political parties except NS, appointed local leaders top down and forced labour unions and other organizations to accept NS leaders. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. Both German and Soviet casualties during the battle of Moscow have been a subject of debate, as various sources provide somewhat different estimates. Many of these allied raids were achieved with the help of exiled Norwegian forces. By early 1943, the Wehrmacht had to disengage from the salient as the whole front was moving west. [citation needed], In order to develop and train an Air Force, a training camp known as "Little Norway" was set up near Toronto, Ontario, Canada, on 10 November 1940. The forces committed to Operation Typhoon included three infantry armies (the 2nd, 4th, and 9th[24]) supported by three Panzer (tank) Groups (the 2nd, 3rd and 4th) and by the Luftwaffe's Luftflotte 2. However to maintain neutrality, Norway turned down the German offer, as did Sweden and Finland. During the five-year occupation, several thousand Norwegian women had children fathered by German soldiers in the Lebensborn program. On 1 however, the deteriorating weather conditions in Crimea forced the beginning of this operation to be postponed until April. By the war's end, the Norwegian Air Force had a total of 2,700 personnel and had suffered a total of 228 losses. [76] These numbers indicated severely cold conditions, and German troops were freezing with no winter clothing, using equipment that was not designed for such low temperatures. The Soviet defenses, still under construction, were overrun, and spearheads of the 3rd and 4th Panzer Groups met at Vyazma on 10 October 1941. The Winter War, also known as the First Soviet-Finnish War, was a war between the Soviet Union and Finland.The war began with a Soviet invasion of Finland on 30 November 1939, three months after the outbreak of World War II, and ended three and a half months later with the Moscow Peace Treaty on 13 March 1940. The NKVD blocking groups were ready to shoot anyone retreating without orders. Now in our 39 th year, Vacations To Go is the largest cruise-selling company in the world. Regimental Band of the 154th Preobrazhensky Regiment, Central Military Band of the Ministry of Defense of Russia, German war crimes during the Battle of Moscow, " XX . When the Germans arrived within sight of the Mozhaisk line west of Moscow on 10 October, they encountered another defensive barrier manned by new Soviet forces. "[36][37] In 2012, Niklas Zetterling disputed the notion of a major German reversal at Mtsensk, noting that only a battlegroup from the 4th Panzer Division was engaged while most of the division was fighting elsewhere, that both sides withdrew from the battlefield after the fighting and that the Germans lost only six tanks destroyed and three damaged. The parade includes troops of the Moscow Garrison and the Western Military District, which usually numbers to close to 3,000 soldiers, cadets, and Red Army reenactors. Finally, on 7 June, which also happened to be the 40th anniversary of the dissolution of Norway's union with Sweden, King Haakon VII and the remaining members of the royal family arrived in Oslo onboard the British cruiser HMSNorfolk. Bring and wear plenty of woolly layers and remember to have on gloves, hats and thick socks. 28,654 guns and mortars. [4]:16 Hence, on the first day of invasion, Quisling, using his own initiative, burst into the NRK studios in Oslo on 9 April and made a nationwide broadcast at 7:30 pm declaring himself prime minister and ordering all resistance halted at once. [65] This became the end of one of the greatest German generals, Heinz Guderian's carrier who is credited with invented blitzkrieg and conquering most of Europe. For most of the war, the country was a protectorate and then an occupied territory of Germany.The decision to occupy Denmark was taken in Berlin on 17 December 1939. [97] On 4January, the skies cleared. 14 January. It has a land border with Sweden to the east and a shorter At this time there were no fewer than 400,000 German soldiers in Norway, which had a population of barely three million. Choose 500+ cruises to the Mediterranean & Greek Isles; Our selection of the best Mediterranean cruises in 2022; Combine your land holiday in Europe with a short 3-5 nights cruise More than 130,000 cases of frostbite were reported among German soldiers. Hermann Gring's nephew, Hans-Joachim Gring, was a pilot with III./Zerstrergeschwader 76, flying the Messerschmitt Bf 110.He was killed in action on 11 July 1940, when his Bf 110 was shot down by Hurricanes of No. To commemorate the battle, Moscow was awarded the title of "Hero City" in 1965, on the 20th anniversary of Victory Day. The parade carried a great symbolic significance by demonstrating the continued Soviet resolve, and was frequently invoked as such in the years to come. [29], Once Soviet resistance along the Vyazma-Bryansk front was eliminated, German forces were to press east, encircling Moscow by outflanking it from the north and south. Price Guarantee We work with every major cruise line in the world, and you'll find their lowest authorized prices on this site. The passenger ship capsized and sank with the loss of one life. The cavalrymen of the 1st Guards Cavalry Corps, which was primarily armed with the SVT-41 semi-automatic battle rifle and Cossack shashkas, as well as the mechanized troops possessing T34 M1940 and KV-1 tanks, battled relentlessly against Heinz Guderian's 2nd Panzer Group. By this time, the Germans had about 25,000 men in Norway. The air raids caused only limited damage because of extensive anti-aircraft defenses and effective civilian fire brigades. After several days of little progress, Soviet armies retook Solnechnogorsk on 12 December and Klin on 15 December. On 7October, the first snow fell and quickly melted, turning roads and open areas into muddy quagmires, a phenomenon known as rasputitsa in Russia. Between 17 and 22 December the Luftwaffe destroyed 299 motor vehicles and 23 tanks around Tula, hampering the Red Army's pursuit of the German Army. Reportedly, Stalin asked Zhukov whether Moscow could be successfully defended and ordered him to "speak honestly, like a communist." It was hoped that the mining would trigger German agitation, thereby necessitating an immediate response from the Allies. Official representatives of the Norwegian civil authorities followed soon after these military forces, with Crown Prince Olav arriving in Oslo on a British cruiser on 14 May, with a 21-man delegation of Norwegian government officials headed up by Sverre Ststad and Paul Hartmann, with the remainder of the Norwegian government and the London-based administration following on the UK troopship Andes. The Arctic Circle defining the "midnight sun" encompasses the Atlantic Ocean from the northern edge of Iceland to the Bering Strait in the Pacific Ocean. The new year would see the Norwegian forces slowly taking back a battered Finnmark, helping the local population in the bitter arctic winter and dealing with occasional German raids from the air, sea and land as well as the ever-present danger from mines. Stalin continued to order more offensives in order to trap and destroy Army Group Centre in front of Moscow, but the Red Army was exhausted and overstretched and they failed. Oslo Airport (Norwegian: Oslo lufthavn; IATA: OSL, ICAO: ENGM), alternatively referred to as Oslo Gardermoen Airport or simply Gardermoen, is the international airport serving Oslo, Norway, the capital and most populous city in the country. [111] However, this official report does not match unofficial reports from individual battalion and divisional officers and commanders at the front, who record suffering far higher casualties than was officially reported. [32] Soviet resistance near Vyazma also provided time for the Soviet high command to reinforce the four armies defending Moscow (the 5th, 16th, 43rd and 49th Armies). This marked the closest approach of German forces to Moscow. Despite the Soviets' best efforts, the Luftwaffe had contributed enormously to the survival of Army Group Centre. Quisling believed that by ensuring economic stability and mediating between the Norwegian civilian society and the German occupiers, his party would gradually win the trust and confidence of the Norwegian population. [15] Many of the Germans were killed through their guards' habit of chasing them criss-cross over a cleared field to ensure that no mines remained.[16]. Prior to the invasion, on 14 and 18 December 1939, Vidkun Quisling, the leader of Norway's fascist party, the Nasjonal Samling ("National Gathering"), had tried to persuade Adolf Hitler that he would form a government in support of occupying Germans. Up to two million German troops were committed to the operation, along with 1,0002,470 tanks and assault guns and 14,000 guns. Membership in the Nasjonal Samling did increase slightly in the first few years of the occupation, but never reached significant levels, and eroded towards the end of the war. On 22 June 1941, Axis forces invaded the Soviet Union, destroyed most of the Soviet Air Force on the ground, and advanced deep into Soviet territory using blitzkrieg tactics to destroy entire Soviet armies. Prominent resistance members, among them Max Manus and Gunnar Snsteby, destroyed several ships and supplies of the Kriegsmarine. [74][75] Zhukov said that November's freezing weather stayed only around 7 to 10C (+19 to +14F). [80] This began with the blowing up of the Istra[ru] waterworks reservoir dam on 24 November 1941. [20] When that advance resumed on 30 September 1941, German forces had been weakened, while the Soviets had raised new forces for the defence of the city. [46] The Luftwaffe still controlled the sky wherever it appeared, and Stuka and bomber groups flew 537 sorties, destroying some 440 vehicles and 150 artillery pieces. [23], With the end of summer, Hitler redirected his attention to Moscow and assigned Army Group Centre to this task. The government was also increasingly pressured by Britain to direct ever larger parts of its massive merchant fleet to transport British goods at low rates as well as to join the trade blockade against Germany. [38], Other counterattacks further slowed the German offensive. "To the Gates", pp. By October 1942, the idea of regular blocking detachments was quietly dropped; by October 1944, the units were officially disbanded. The average high temperature during this time is 75F. [58], By 15 November 1941, the ground had finally frozen, solving the mud problem. The Germans were determined to leave nothing of value to the Soviets, as Hitler had ordered Rendulic to leave the area devoid of people, shelter and supplies. A total of 10,262 Norwegians lost their lives in the conflict or while imprisoned. The Arctic convoys of World War II were oceangoing convoys which sailed from the United Kingdom, Iceland, and North America to northern ports in the Soviet Union primarily Arkhangelsk (Archangel) and Murmansk in Russia. The move was successful, resulting in the loss of nearly 700,000 Red Army personnel killed, captured, or wounded by 26 September, and further advances by Axis forces. The debate on the past treatment of these krigsbarn (war children) started with a television series in 1981, but only recently have the offspring of these unions begun to identify themselves. Although the encirclement failed, it unhinged the German defenses. [citation needed], The economic consequences of the German occupation were severe. Fedor von Bock was also dismissed, officially for "medical reasons". There was a real risk of famine. Winter is the prime aurora-viewing season, with this in mind we recommend that you wrap up when searching for the northern lights. By 2 May, both Namsos and ndalsnes were evacuated by the British. [43], However, Red Army resistance had slowed the Wehrmacht. By the autumn of 1939 there was an increasing sense of urgency because of its long western coastline facing access routes into the North Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean that Norway had to prepare, not only to protect its neutrality, but indeed to fight for its freedom and independence. [69][70], The European Winter of 194142 was the coldest of the twentieth century. [citation needed]. [49], On 5December 1941, the counteroffensive for "removing the immediate threat to Moscow" started on the Kalinin Front. Fritz Moen, the only known victim of dual miscarriage of justice in Europe, was the child of a Norwegian woman and a German soldier, as was ABBA member Anni-Frid Lyngstad. By war's end, 92,000 Norwegians were located abroad, including 46,000 in Sweden. Nevertheless, the Moscow front was not finally secured until October 1943, when Army Group Centre was decisively repulsed from the Smolensk landbridge and from the left shore of the upper Dnieper at the end of the Second Battle of Smolensk. Bergen During winter, the temperature remains slightly above freezing (0 C or 32 F) in the southern part; for example, Bergen, the second largest city of the country, has an average temperature in These people were called cave people, living in caves, in huts made of driftwood and/or turf, under boats turned upside down, etc. In an attempt to halt the onslaught of the 2nd Panzer Group, the STAVKA High Command hurled Major General Pavel Belov's 1st Guards Cavalry Corps, General Andrei Getman's 112th Tank Division, an armoured brigade and a battalion of BM-13 Katyusha rocket launchers along with support from the air force against the armoured beast of the Wehrmacht. The first stroke of the Western-Front's counter-offensive on the outskirts of Moscow fell upon Guderian's 2nd Panzer Army. [21] But Hitler overruled his generals in favor of pocketing the Soviet forces around Kiev in the south, followed by the seizure of Ukraine. The polar lights season can vary depending on the location, as the absence of natural light is important, as well as the weather and the air pollution. [26], Facing the Wehrmacht were three Soviet fronts forming a defensive line based on the cities of Vyazma and Bryansk, which barred the way to Moscow. The primary Luftwaffe day fighter unit dedicated to serve in the area of Norway, Jagdgeschwader 5 (5th Fighter Wing), was the unit that used more of the surviving Second World War German fighter aircraft than any other in the forces of the Axis powers during the Second World War. Fighting continued in Northern Norway until 10 June, when the Norwegian 6th Division surrendered shortly after Allied forces had been evacuated against the background of looming defeat in France. A military mission responsible for creating a liaison with the Soviets and setting up a civil administration. Swedish authorities accepted the refugees and ensured their safety once they had crossed the border, but did little to facilitate their escape. Rather than travelling large distances, our aim is to ensure you see as much as possible. However, the advance of the Soviet troops stopped and West-Finnmark and North-Troms became a no-man's land between the Soviet army and the German army. Quisling was consequently re-instituted as head of state on 20 February 1942, although Terboven retained the sole means to use violence as a political tool, which he did on several occasions (e.g. Of these, 9,000 were consigned to prison camps outside Norway, including Stutthof concentration camp.[10]. In the end, 20,000 Norwegians and a smaller number of Germans were given prison sentences. [2], It was agreed that mines would be laid in Norwegian waters (Operation Wilfred) and that the mining should be followed by the landing of troops at four Norwegian ports: Narvik, Trondheim, Bergen and Stavanger. For German commanders like Hoepner and Bock, the action was inconsequential; their primary worry was resistance from within the pocket, not outside it. This was followed by the counter-offensive by the 1st Guards Cavalry Corps whose flanks were secured by the 10th Army, 49th Army and 50th Army who attacked from Tula. The rest participated in liberation of the rest of Norway after the German surrender in May 1945. She was on a voyage from, The 97-metre (318ft) cargo vessel was report to have sunk off. Travel to Norway in November. "[45]:4446,4851[85], On 8December, Hitler had signed his directive No.39, ordering the Wehrmacht to assume a defensive stance on the whole front. By 7 October however, the combined Soviet 14th Army and Northern fleet, consisting of 133,500 men under Field Marshal Kirill Meretskov, attacked the weakest point of the German line, the junction between the 2nd and 6th Mountain Divisions. In the south, the Wehrmacht never got close to the capital. The parade is held to commemorate the historical event as a Day of Military Honour. The midsection was buried on site in September 2015 and the stern section was refloated and scuttled in October 2013. The same cold weather hit the Soviet troops, but they were better prepared. In the north, German troops engaged in a bitter fight at the Battle of Narvik. It was to be their last contact with Soviet troops. "The threat overhanging Tula was removed. [67], Because of the resistance on both the northern and southern sides of Moscow, on 1December the Wehrmacht attempted a direct offensive from the west along the Minsk-Moscow highway near the city of Naro-Fominsk. Kashira was of paramount importance, considering that it was the headquarters of the Soviet Western Front, one of the three main groups of resistance against the Nazi storm. The German Strategic Offensive, named Operation Typhoon, called for two pincer offensives, one to the north of Moscow against the Kalinin Front by the 3rd and 4th Panzer Armies, simultaneously severing the MoscowLeningrad railway, and another to the south of Moscow Oblast against the Western Front south of Tula, by the 2nd Panzer Army, while the 4th Army advanced directly towards Moscow from the west. These were launched despite protests from Zhukov, who pointed out the complete lack of reserves. King Haakon VII and part of his government left for England on the British cruiser HMSGlasgow to establish the Norwegian government-in-exile.[3]. The season starts at the end of August and lasts until mid-April, but it varies from one location to another. Alan F. Wilt. Crew of seventeen was forced to abandon vessel some 200 nautical miles (370km; 230mi) northeast of, The trawler ran aground at Lankidden Cove, on the east side of, The cargo ship was set afire by her crew 30 nautical miles (56km) north of, The cargo ship was set afire by her crew and abandoned inn the, The cargo ship sprang a leak and was beached at, With approximately 500 migrants on board, the vessel, The offshore supply vessel collided with the fishing vessel, A ship carrying migrants capsized in international waters near the island of Lampedusa with the loss of 27 people. In the meantime, the Luftwaffe had virtually vanished from the skies over Moscow, while the Red Air Force, operating from better prepared bases and benefiting from interior lines, grew stronger. Conventional armed resistance to the German invasion ended on 10 June 1940, and Nazi Germany controlled Norway until the capitulation of German forces in Europe on 8/9 May 1945. A Museum of the Defence of Moscow was created in 1995. [72] General Erhard Raus, commander of the 6th Panzer Division, kept track of the daily mean temperature in his war diary. At the beginning of the occupation, there were at least 2,173 Jews in Norway. Aviatsiya Voenno-morskovo Flota Rossii) is the air arm of the Russian Navy, a successor of Soviet Naval Aviation.The Russian Navy is divided into four fleets and one flotilla: Northern Fleet, Pacific Fleet, Baltic Fleet, Black Sea Fleet, and Caspian Flotilla. [79] This caused some 3040 villages to become partially submerged even in the severe winter weather conditions of the time. Norwegian resistance at Narvik, Trondheim (Norway's second city and the strategic key to Norway),[4]:60 Bergen, Stavanger, and Kristiansand was overcome very quickly, and Oslo's effective resistance to the seaborne forces was nullified when German troops from the airfield entered the city. Although Army Group Centre still possessed considerable nominal strength, its fighting capabilities had thoroughly diminished because of wear and fatigue. Moscow's factories were hastily converted to military tasks: one automobile factory was turned into a submachine gun armory, a clock factory manufactured mine detonators, the chocolate factory shifted to food production for the front, and automobile repair stations worked fixing damaged tanks and military vehicles. The west coast has a cool and wet climate, and is often affected by weather fronts coming from the Atlantic Ocean, so much so that clouds, rain, and wind dominate throughout the year. [citation needed] About 50,000 Norwegians fled to Sweden during the war. , 1941-1942", "The Severe Winter in Europe 194142: The large scale circulation, cut-off lows, and blocking", 10.1175/1520-0477(1989)070<0271:TSWIET>2.0.CO;2, "Flooding north of Moscow Oblast in 1941", Operational overview of military activities on Western Front in year 1941, "Walther von Brauchitsch | German military officer", "Movie Review: Moscow Strikes Back (1942) 'Moscow Strikes Back,' Front-Line Camera Men's Story of Russian Attack, Is Seen at the Globe", "Russia re-enacts historic WW2 parade in Moscow", "Anniversary of the 1941 October Revolution Day Parade in Russia / November 7, 2016", "Russia marks anniversary of 1941 military parade", "Heeresarzt 10-Day Casualty Reports per Army/Army Group, 1941", "Fighting the Russians in Winter: Three Case Studies", Map: Deployment of troops before the battle of Moscow, Map (detailed): Battle of Moscow 1941. The classic voyage from Bergen to Kirkenes and back to Bergen takes 12 days with departures available on most days throughout the year. [62] Just northwest of Moscow, the Wehrmacht reached Krasnaya Polyana, little more than 29km (18mi) from the Kremlin in central Moscow;[63] German officers were able to make out some of the major buildings of the Soviet capital through their field glasses. The pocket was created during the Red Army's Baltic Offensive, when forces of the 1st Baltic Front reached the Baltic Sea near Memel This proved to be a huge logistical undertaking. "Viaz'ma and Briansk", pp. Despite superior military strength, especially in tanks and A few favored a "night of long knives" with extrajudicial killings of known offenders. [21] Franz Halder, head of the Army General Staff, was also convinced that a drive to seize Moscow would be victorious after the German Army inflicted enough damage on the Soviet forces. On 28 November 1941, the water was drained into the Yakhroma and Sestra Rivers from six reservoirs (Khimki[ru], Iksha[ru], Pyalovskoye[ru], Pestovskoye[ru], Pirogovskoye[ru], and Klyazma[ru] reservoirs), as well as from Ivankovo Reservoir using dams near Dubna. Operation Uranus (Russian: , romanized: Operatsiya "Uran") was the codename of the Soviet Red Army's 1923 November 1942 strategic operation on the Eastern Front of World War II which led to the encirclement of Axis forces in the vicinity of Stalingrad: the German Sixth Army, the Third and Fourth Romanian armies, and portions of the German Fourth Panzer Army. Should Kashira fall, the road to Moscow would be open for the 2nd Panzer Group. In addition to the Jews, members of the resistance movement and other people who had more acute reason to fear for their lives, a great many refugees were men of military age wishing to join the Norwegian armed forces abroad. In November 1944, three SS and Police Leaders (SSPF) subordinate to Rediess were appointed: SS-Oberfhrer Heinz Roch for Northern Norway, Oberfhrer Richard Kaaserer for Central Norway and Gruppenfhrer Jakob Sporrenberg for Southern Norway. As the Kalinin Front drove west, a bulge developed around Klin. The list of shipwrecks in 2013 includes ships sunk, foundered, grounded, or otherwise lost during 2013. [32], By 13 October 1941, the Wehrmacht had reached the Mozhaisk defense line, a hastily constructed set of four lines of fortifications[24] protecting Moscow's western approaches which extended from Kalinin towards Volokolamsk and Kaluga. The dolphins prefer warmer weather, water, and sunshine. Sources: Prien, J.; Stremmer, G.; Rodeike, P.; Bock, W. Liedtke, Enduring the Whirlwind, 3449. Between Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden, Government of National Salvation (Serbia), History of World War II by region and country, Sarawak, Brunei, Labuan, and British North Borneo, Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany, Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland, Membership of International organizations, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_occupation_of_Norway&oldid=1120533373, Articles needing additional references from August 2009, All articles needing additional references, Articles needing translation from Norwegian Wikipedia, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. The Battle of the North Cape was a Second World War naval battle that occurred on 26 December 1943, as part of the Arctic campaign.The German battleship Scharnhorst, on an operation to attack Arctic Convoys of war materiel from the Western Allies to the Soviet Union, was brought to battle and sunk by the Royal Navy's battleship HMS Duke of York with cruisers [55], In the south, the Second Panzer Army initially advanced towards Tula with relative ease because the Mozhaisk defense line did not extend that far south and no significant concentrations of Soviet troops blocked their advance. Nevertheless, Stalin ordered several preemptive counteroffensives against German lines. This period of military occupation is, in Norway, referred to as the "war years", "occupation period" or simply "the war". According to Zhukov, 250,000 women and teenagers worked building trenches and anti-tank moats around Moscow, moving almost three million cubic meters of earth with no mechanical help. There are also significant differences in figures from various sources. Holding out against five times as many British and French troops, they were close to rebellion before finally slipping out from Narvik on 28 May. Notable military operations in Norway include: With the beginning of the German withdrawal from Lapland, the initial German plan was to retain the essential nickel mines around Petsamo in the far North held by the 19th Mountain Corps under General Ferdinand Jodl, but events led to the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht ordering the entire 20th Mountain Army out of Finland to take up new defensive positions around Lyngen and Skibotn just to the north of Tromsa new operation which came to be called "Operation Nordlicht" (Operation Northern Light). [73] Other temperature reports varied widely. Illegal newspapers were distributed, including Friheten, Vrt Land, Fritt Land. [58] Several days of intense combat followed. [96], The Luftwaffe was paralysed in the second half of December. At this stage, although Moscow was vulnerable, an offensive against the city would have exposed the German flanks. Rodric Braithwaite, "Moscow 1941: A City and Its People at War", p. 345. Fishing and hunting became more widespread. In part to address these risks, and to attempt to secure Ukraine's food and water and mineral resources, Hitler ordered the attack to turn north and south and eliminate Soviet forces at Leningrad and Kiev. [33] Although losses were high, some of the encircled units escaped in small groups, ranging in size from platoons to full rifle divisions. With the Soviets hard on their heels, the Corps reached Kirkenes by 20 October. The New York Times reviewer commented that "The savagery of that retreat is a spectacle to stun the mind. On 26 April the British decided to evacuate Norway. Norway was the most heavily fortified country during the war: several hundred thousand German soldiers were stationed in Norway, in a ratio of one German soldier for every eight Norwegians. The German Army Group North moved towards Leningrad, Army Group South took control of Ukraine, and Army Group Centre advanced towards Moscow. [citation needed], German forces in Denmark surrendered on 5 May, and on the same day, General Eisenhower dispatched a telegram to resistance headquarters in Norway, which was passed on to General Bhme; it contained information on how to make contact with Allied General Headquarters. In addition to the few who survived concentration camps, some also survived by fleeing the country, mostly to Sweden, but some also to the United Kingdom. 74 ff. This plan was accepted over Zhukov's objections. [113] In the first three months, blocking detachments shot 1,000 penal troops and sent 24,993 to penal battalions. Among German-occupied territories in Western Europe, this made Norway the country to withstand the German invasion for the longest period of time approximately two months. The Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 3rd Edition (19701979). [109] Glantz, in his book When Titans Clashed, gives a figure of 658,279 for the defense phase alone, plus 370,955 for the winter counteroffensive until 7January 1942. Volunteers from the local population were hastily formed into "guard companies" armed with Soviet weapons pending the arrival of more troops from either Sweden or Britain. Blcher transported the forces that would ensure control of the political apparatus in Norway, and the sinking and death of over 1,000 soldiers and crew delayed the Germans, so that the King and government had the chance to escape from Oslo. [41] Personnel losses of 499,001 (permanent as well as temporary) were calculated by the Soviet command. For other uses, see, "Operation Typhoon" redirects here. by imposing martial law in Trondheim and ordering the destruction of the village of Telavg). The mothers were ostracised and humiliated after the war both by Norwegian officialdom and the civilian population, and were called names such as tyskertser (literally "whores/sluts of [the] Germans"). While the start of the battle is usually regarded as the beginning of Operation Typhoon on 30 September 1941 (or sometimes on 2October 1941), there are two different dates for the end of the offensive. Guderian also noted in his memoirs that "the Russians already learned a few things. Guderian's army "beat a hasty retreat towards Venev" and then Sukhinichi. [citation needed], In June 1940, some 13 warships and 5 aircraft of the Royal Norwegian Navy, including their 500 operating personnel, followed the King and parliament to Britain. As the German offensives were halted, a Soviet strategic counter-offensive and smaller-scale offensive operations forced the German armies back to the positions around the cities of Oryol, Vyazma and Vitebsk, and nearly surrounded three German armies. The surprise and the lack of preparedness of Norway for a large-scale invasion of this kind gave the German forces their initial success. [83] The Red Army had accumulated a 58-division reserve by early December,[49] when the offensive proposed by Zhukov and Vasilevsky was finally approved by Stalin. By occupying Norway, Hitler had ensured the protection of Germany's supply of iron ore from Sweden and had obtained naval and air bases with which to strike at Britain.[3]. German troops were unable to organize a solid defense at their initial locations and were forced to pull back to consolidate their lines. Dnitz dismissed Terboven from his post as Reichskommissar on 7 May, transferring his powers to General Bhme. ", This page was last edited on 19 November 2022, at 08:43. Her eleven crew were rescued. By the late 1930s, the Norwegian parliament (Storting) had accepted the need for a strengthened military and expanded the budget accordingly, even by assuming national debt. In early October 1944, some 53,000 men of the German 19th Mountain Corps were still 45mi (72km) inside Russia along the Litsa River and the neck of the Rybachy Peninsula. Norway is a country located in Northern Europe in the northern and western parts of the Scandinavian Peninsula.The majority of the country borders water, including the Skagerrak inlet to the south, the North Sea to the southwest, the North Atlantic Ocean (Norwegian Sea) to the west, and the Barents Sea to the north. Keep in mind that August is also the year's wettest time since it sees the most rain. The occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany during the Second World War began on 9 April 1940 after Operation Weserbung.Conventional armed resistance to the German invasion ended on 10 June 1940, and Nazi Germany controlled Norway until the capitulation of German forces in Europe on 8/9 May 1945.Throughout this period, a pro-German government named Den nasjonale The council was abolished on 20 September 1940, when Reichskommissar Josef Terboven took over power by forming his own cabinet. The ambitious operation, the first major amphibious operation in [20] This delayed the German advance on Moscow. [117][118] Astrid was raised on 10 September. However, if you ever find a lower price for the same ship, date The Battle of Moscow was a military campaign that consisted of two periods of strategically significant fighting on a 600 km (370 mi) sector of the Eastern Front during World War II.It took place between September 1941 and January 1942. Norway lost all its major trading partners the moment it was occupied. Most of the Soviet field armies now had a multilayered defense, with at least two rifle divisions in second echelon positions. He felt this could be accomplished by seizing the economic resources of Ukraine east of Kiev. The PetsamoKirkenes Offensive was a major military offensive during World War II, mounted by the Soviet Army against the Wehrmacht in 1944 in northern Finland and Norway. Luftflotte 2had only 549 serviceable machines, including 158 medium and dive-bombers and 172 fighters, available for Operation Typhoon. As a result, initial German progress was only 510km (3.16.2mi) per day. The crew of 15 was saved. Located just a few miles from the Russian border, Kirkenes has many influences from Norways neighbour; from road signs in both Norwegian and Russian, a monthly Russian market, and the WWII Russian Monument. Besides German occupiers, 141,000 foreign nationals were located in Norway, mostly now-liberated prisoners of war held by the Germans. The remnants of the Soviet Western and Reserve Fronts retreated and manned new defensive lines around Mozhaisk. [1] In March and April 1940, on the pretext of German aggression, British plans for an invasion of Norway were prepared, mainly in order to reach and destroy the Swedish iron ore mines in Gllivare. Meanwhile, the external front included Norway's merchant fleet, the Royal Norwegian Navy (which had evacuated many of its ships to Britain), Norwegian squadrons under the British Royal Air Force command and several commando groups operating out of Great Britain and Shetland. However, following Adolf Hitler's suicide on 30 April, Hitler's successor Admiral Karl Dnitz summoned Terboven and General Franz Bhme, Commander-in-Chief of German forces in Norway, to a meeting in Flensburg, where they were ordered to follow the General headquarters' instructions. German ships came into the Oslofjord, but were stopped when the Krupp-built artillery and torpedoes of Oscarsborg Fortress sank the German flagship Blcher[4]:65 and sank or damaged the other ships in the German task force. [68] On 2December, a reconnaissance battalion came to the town of Khimkisome 30km (19mi) away from the Kremlin in central Moscow reaching its bridge over the Moscow-Volga Canal as well as its railway station. No. A major storm on 7 April resulted in the British Navy failing to make material contact with the German shipping. Most notorious among these was Henry Oliver Rinnan, the leader of the Sonderabteilung Lola (locally known as Rinnanbanden or "the Rinnan gang"), a group of informants who infiltrated the Norwegian resistance, hence managing to capture and murder many of its members. [33], The encircled Soviet forces continued to fight, and the Wehrmacht had to employ 28 divisions to eliminate them, using troops which could have supported the offensive towards Moscow. Zhukov diverted more forces to the southern end of the bulge, to help Konev trap the Third Panzer Army. "[45]:33,4243, On 15 November 1941, German tank armies began their offensive towards Klin, where no Soviet reserves were available because of Stalin's wish to attempt a counteroffensive at Volokolamsk, which had forced the relocation of all available reserve forces further south. [42] On 9 October, Otto Dietrich of the German Ministry of Propaganda, quoting Hitler himself, forecast in a press conference the imminent destruction of the armies defending Moscow. YOU SHOULD KNOW A portion of the encounter program fee supports marine education, conservation, and scientific studies. [110] The official Wehrmacht daily casualty reports show 35,757 killed in action, 128,716 wounded, and 9,721 missing in action for the entire Army Group Centre between 1October 1941 and 10 January 1942. Prior to the start of the parade, an historical reenactment of the Battle of Moscow is performed by young students, volunteers, and historical enthusiasts. [30], The German attack went according to plan, with 4th Panzer Group pushing through the middle nearly unopposed and then dividing its mobile forces north to complete the encirclement of Vyazma with 3rd Panzer Group, and other units south to close the ring around Bryansk in conjunction with 2nd Panzer Group. On 26 November 1941, the German 2nd Panzer Army under General Heinz Guderian began advancing towards Kashira, which was a strategic stronghold that lay 120 kilometres southwest of Moscow and 80 kilometres northeast of Tula. The Norwegian Army therefore planned its campaign as a tactical retreat while awaiting reinforcements from Britain.[5]. "Area command Finnmark" consisting of 12 men. Now in our 39 th year, Vacations To Go is the largest cruise-selling company in the world. Constituting the westernmost bulk of the archipelago, it borders the Arctic The Germans reacted by bombing the village they believed the King was occupying. General Lothar Rendulic, replacing General Eduard Dietl, who had been killed in an air crash, set about evacuating supplies by sea through Petsamo and the Norwegian town of Kirkenes. Visit Norway in November for wintry scenes, fewer crowds, and the chance to see the northern lights. By the end of the war, German occupation had reduced Norway's GDP by 45% more than any other occupied country. The force arrived in Murmansk on 6 November and went with a Soviet ship to Liinakhamari in North-western Soviet Union (former North-eastern Finland), from where trucks took them to Norway, arriving on 10 November. The Norwegian Army rallied after the initial confusion and on several occasions managed to put up a stiff fight, delaying the German advance. [71] On 30 November, von Bock claimed in a report to Berlin that the temperature was 45C (49F). [5] An improvised defence at Midtskogen also prevented a German raid from capturing the king and government. Several incidents in Norwegian maritime waters, notably the Altmark incident in Jssingfjord, put great strains on Norway's ability to assert its neutrality. After Operation Barbarossa, the overland route over Russian soil was closed. Extraordinary industrial achievements had begun to replace these, and at the outset of Typhoon the VVS could muster 936 aircraft, 578 of which were bombers. Book by December 4 2022, unless sold out prior. [93] Walther von Brauchitsch, Hitler's commander-in-chief, had been removed even earlier, on 19 December. "[78], Some historians have suggested that artificial floods played an important role in defending Moscow. Military forces such as the Heer and Luftwaffe remained under direct command of the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht in Germany throughout the war, but all other authority was vested in the Reich commissioner. The Air Force operated four squadrons in support of Allied forces: A number of Norwegian volunteers also served in British RAF units. The shared hardship of the war years also set the stage for social welfare policies of the post-war Norwegian Labour Party governments. [4]:90 British and French troops began to land at Narvik on 14 April. You can make a reservation to spend time here up to a year in advance. [86][non-primary source needed] On 14 December, Franz Halder and Gnther von Kluge finally gave permission for a limited withdrawal to the west of the Oka river, without Hitler's approval. Book by December 4 2022, unless sold out prior. For the 1943 German landing on Leros, see, Initial German advance (30 September 10 October), Wehrmacht advance towards Moscow (1 November 5 December). [58], To stiffen the resolve of the Red Army and boost civilian morale, Stalin ordered the traditional military parade on 7November (Revolution Day) to be staged in Red Square. [79] They were primarily meant to break the ice and prevent troops and heavy military equipment from crossing the Volga river and Ivankovo Reservoir. The powerful battleship Tirpitz was stationed in Norway for most of the war, acting as a fleet in being in her own right and tying up huge Allied resources until she was eventually sunk in the last of many attacks. Operation Silver Fox (German: Silberfuchs; Finnish: Hopeakettu) from 29 June to 17 November 1941, was a joint GermanFinnish military operation during the Continuation War on the Eastern Front of World War II against the Soviet Union.The objective of the offensive was to cut off and capture the key Soviet Port of Murmansk through attacks from Finnish and Norwegian territory. However, because of Anglo-French arguments, the date of the mining was postponed from 5 April to 8 April. The 2010-built 3,000 DWT coastal tanker sank in the Java Sea in heavy weather. Australia and New Zealand cruise and land tours are usually available from December through April. [51] The entire Soviet Western Frontnearly destroyed after its encirclement near Vyazmawas being recreated almost from scratch. [17], Nazi occupation of Norway during World War II, Lapland War, Soviet advance, and retreat of the German army, Exiled Norwegian troops liberate Finnmark, German capitulation and end of occupation. However, if you ever find a lower price for the same ship, date The average high temperature during this time is 75F. The towboat struck a submerged object and sank in the, The restaurant ship foundered in a storm while at anchor at, The container ship sustained a crack in her hull off the coast of, This page was last edited on 6 November 2022, at 12:04. Guderian wrote that discussions with Hans Schmidt and Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen took place the same day, and both commanders agreed the current front line could not be held. Both Soviet and German forces were severely depleted, sometimes having only 150200 riflemena company's full strengthleft in a regiment.[58]. 77 Norwegians and 18 Germans received life sentences. The Soviet evacuation of Tallinn, also called Juminda mine battle, Tallinn disaster or Russian Dunkirk, was a Soviet operation to evacuate the 190 ships of the Baltic Fleet, units of the Red Army, and pro-Soviet civilians from the fleet's encircled main base of Tallinn in Soviet-occupied Estonia during August 1941. Claimed in a report to have sunk off reduced Norway 's GDP 45... ( 3.16.2mi ) per Day lost their lives in the world [ 76 ] Official Soviet Meteorological Service records that. ] Official Soviet Meteorological Service records show that at the Globe in New York in August 1942 up for 2nd! Cruise and land tours are usually available from December through April resistance members, among them Max Manus Gunnar. 92,000 Norwegians were located in Norway for the offensive delaying the German occupation had Norway. Only 549 serviceable machines, including Stutthof concentration camp. [ 10 ] `` reasons. Operated four squadrons in support of allied forces: a city and its people at ''! 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kirkenes weather december