Instead of looking only at their positions that often appear completely divergent, people should look for shared interests and make decisions on that basis. Second, as a result of tensions, the people from all interacting cultures face a choice.You may have noticed that we ended the description of each scenario with a question; these questions present the choices that must be made. Values.Attitudes are connected to valuesshared ideas about what people consider to be important or desirable. New York: McGraw-Hill. New York: Continuum. There would be no interaction between them if they were not connected. Richardson, D. (2017). has a central place in the complex notion of sustainability (UNESCO, 1997, paragraphs 111112), in this text we are concerned Sustainability Principle 237 with intercultural sustainability understood as a term that comprises any attempt of encouraging durable, long-lasting and resilient forms of intercultural communication and intercultural relations (Busch, 2016, p. 63). First, intercultural communication combines two sidesthe digital and the analog: the former highlights discreteness, abstraction, and efciency, while the latter highlights resemblance, relations, and continuity. Living streets: Using uncertainty to calm trafc. 6 Case Study: Dialectics of Colonial Encounter: Interacting with the Kobon This case study is based on the article entitled The transformation of violence in the colonial encounter: Intercultural discourse and practices in Papua New Guinea (Grlich, 1999). Supporters of bilingual education argue that it not only helps diferent groups to maintain their culture but also allows their stronger integration in the mainstream culture of the United States, seeing bilingual education as unifying rather than alienating. Over the years, culture in Tahiti has undergone many changes due to the French infuence,with some old behaviors and practices disappearing Sustainability Principle 255 and new behaviors and practices taking root. With the help of the ten principles, this text is aimed at reaching its main goalhelping you to develop your Intercultural Communication Competence. Evolution and the psychology of intergroup confict:The male warrior hypothesis. Tahiti is the principal island in the Territory of French Polynesia that lies in the South Pacifc. Nicotera, A. A recent law adopted by the parliament of Latvia in 2018 provides for a gradual transition to education only in the Latvian language at the secondary school level in schools of national minorities. His extremely useful feedback helped me not only to improve this text but also to refne my overall understanding and appreciation of intercultural communication. Van den Berg, J.-A. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifin Company. something into which we move and that moves with us (Gadamer, 2004, p. 303; emphasis added). Lastly, both quantitative and qualitative research approaches used in studying intercultural communication competence are examined. But in the most mundane, nonviolent in each intercultural encounter a dynamic boundary line is drawn between Self and the Other; if both Self and the Other agree on what constitutes this line, it is possible to speak of tolerance as a communicative strategy leading to intercultural sustainability. What cultural dimensions do you think might afect such business decisions? As you remember from Chapter 6, interests involve underlying needs and desires that motivate people to take a certain position. Like explorers, we travel and come into contact with people from other cultures, setting our gaze on their practices and representing them in a meaningful way, with the hope that these meanings are accurate and authentic. The avoidance to confict can be called avoidance and revolves around not managing tensions at all. It ofers an insightful theoretical grounding of intercultural communication that deepens and enriches our overall understanding. Readers will learn to become more attuned to power relations and the ways in which sociopolitical forces can influence language choice/attitudes and the intercultural communication process. Ji, Li-Jun, Nisbett, R., & Su,Y. & Atran, S. (2013). Such empty spaces or missing parts in a language system are called lacunas. One might say that there is a lexical (word) lacuna for snow that does not exist in the language of culture X. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. The ultra-Orthodox community of Israel has been described as a culture of the enclave because of its strict religious rules and an isolated lifestyle. ), The Routledge handbook of language and intercultural communication (pp. In this case, people may perceive one another as polar opposites. Basic Concepts of Intercultural Communication : Paradigms, Principles, and Practices PDF Book Focusing on giving the reader critical background information, the well-known authors begin with the history, technology, and functionality of cochlear implants. 6 6.1 Side Trips Seesaws at the U.S.Mexico Border A recent article in Newsweek (Da Silva, 2019) talks about a set of seesaws built by two California professors through a fence of the U.S.Mexico border.This allowed children and grown-ups on either side of the border to play together on the seesaws; you can watch this in a video posted to Instagram by Ronald Raelone of the professors who came up with the seesaw project: www.instagram.com/p/B0iALEOBMfP/?hl=en. ), Identity and intercultural communication (pp. Philosophical investigations. During the performance, the participants were asked to enunciate their own alphabets as well as to listen and attempt to reproduce unfamiliar sounds, rhythms and harmonies.The performance took place at the Library of Birmingham; one digital video still in Connellys article shows the participants standing in a circle in the rotunda performing the call and response activity (p. 167). Hofstede, G., & Bond, M. (2001).The Confucius connection: From cultural roots to econ omic growth. Vatikiotis, M. & Schwartz,A. Considering how religious communities culture (or kosher) the cell phone (Campbell, 2007).As usual, it is recommended that you read the article in its entirety; below, you fnd its summary. Many iterations of facework strategies have been noted, including: face-negotiating, face-constituting, face-compensating, facehonoring, face-saving, face-threatening, face-building, face-protecting, face-depreciating, face-giving, face-restoring, and face-neutral (Fletcher, 2016; original emphasis). Its through such practices that a cultures vitality increases or decreases. Cultural norms are often divided into three categories folkways, mores, and laws (Sumner, 1940; Gudykunst & Kim, 1992, pp. Only by crossing boundaries can new possibilities be created in intercultural communication and only at cultural intersections can new identities be forged (Chen & Lin, 2016; McConachy, 2018). The ideas of General Systems Theory have been widely used in the study of communication, most extensively applied to situations of interpersonal and organizational communication (e.g., Ruben & Kim, 1975; Watzlawick et. it derives from the Old German kara, which means lament. Communicating across cultures. 2. People who are kept at a physical and emotional distance are considered the out-group from the view of in-group members . So, we should not think of transactions only as two or more parties sitting at a table and conducting rounds of formal business negotiations.Whenever we come into contact with people from other cultures, our goal is to carry interaction through and reach an understanding; this resolution afects both us and other people. Heisenberg,W. We will isolate three parts that make up this principle. Meaning operates from a particular background of intelligibility: ones horizon of knowledge is as far as one can see the world. ), Language and intercultural communication in the new era (pp. 5 The Transaction Principle Defned Lets give a concise formulation of Transaction Principle, based on the above discussion of its three parts. We will discuss this in the next chapter. For instance, in the Texas town of Amarillo, two women who were fuent in Spanish and English were fred from their jobs because they chatted in Spanish in their workplace.The owner of the company asked the women to speak only English while at work; the owner allegedly even demanded that they sign a pledge not to speak Spanish. In the process of intercultural communication, we must make sure that boundary lines are respected and agreed upon, perceived as constructive by people from all interacting cultures. Gadamer and the fusion of horizons. However, the Dutch soldier stopped to have a drink while the French soldier remained sober and continued his duty; hence, the diference in size. Every culture claims authority over its vision of the world by using its cultural map in order to create stories or narratives. Postmodern ethics. In In transition: Cultural identities in the age of transnational and transcultural fux (pp. It is possible to trace Tahitian infuence on the French culture, as well.The laidback Tahitian lifestyle certainly afected the cold rationality of Enlightenment and helped people in the West to loosen up, so to speak. 1314). 3.2 Strategies of Sustainability:Tolerance,Trust, Resistance Tolerance.While all people living together in perfect harmony is the ideal of intercultural communication, in real life interactions far from harmonious continue to take place. We will isolate three parts that make up this principle. Im Jewish. Very likely not. You could read one journalist's opinion and think "Yes, she has a point.". Performance, therefore, can be analyzed at three levels.At the level of activity, performance is driven by a certain motive. 4.3 Performativity as Reiterative Process When we speak of performance in intercultural communication, we must remember that performance is the manifestation of performativity. It is more difcult, yet more important, to engage other perspectives when relationships between cultures are very asymmetrical. 1934). Avoidance.The easiest thing for both sides in this situation is to do nothing. It is from within our own culturefrom the center that our cultural gaze is projected out into the world and it is to our own culture that it comes back. Boston:The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Hall, B. Applied to intercultural communication, we avoid falling into the trap of this fallacy because we can tell the diference between cultures or between such cultural behaviors as, e.g.,sticking ones neck out for nobody and going an extra mile for people. The frst behavior is defnitely closer to the individualistic part of the continuum, while the second behavior is closer to its collectivistic part. Karl Popper gave the example of Europeans who for thousands of years had only ever seen millions of white swans (see Popper, 1959). As noted earlier, we interact with the world through the similar bodily movements, manipulation of objects and experience of force.And it is in the biological processes within our bodies, which are sensitive to infnitely small electromagnetic fuctuations, that a common measure is found between the Chinese and Western medical approaches to disease. First, whereas the destruction of the Berlin Wall was viewed as necessary for the purpose of reintegrating the citys population, Northern Irelands population, for the most part, has managed to reintegrate even with the walls intact. And yet, it is only a matter of time before they can all be discovered, explained, pinned down and exhibited in the Museum of Meanings.We can then take those meanings out of the museum when necessary and use that knowledge in interacting with people from other cultures. Relativity implies that the ways in which people of a certain culture think and act are relative to (dependent on) its language. Ting-Toomey, S. (1999). Today, certain interactions are specifcally set up for cultural gaze. NewYork: Guilford Press. Langmia, K. & Tyree,T. In masculine cultures, people tend to emphasize such traditional roles as assertiveness, achievement, ambition, performance, and competitiveness. First, in each situation, a certain tension exists between the interacting cultures. Neuliep, J. Peters, J. Kosasa, K. (2008). Sometimes, ignoring cultural diferences in attitudes and values can lead to tragic outcomes. Semiotica, 127(1/4): 321343. Unlike medical treatments based on drug therapies and surgical interventions, BEM is still a scientifc approach as it is based on the investigations of the interrelationships between high-frequency electromagnetic felds within the body. Berlin: Springer. So, intercultural communication is a matter of positionality. 1. He remembers his Xavante brother and decides to set out on his journey. For example, the issue of English-only vs bilingual education takes the form of a number of concrete practices, such as conversations at the dinner table and political campaigns.When it is time, the issue takes on the form of a proposition voted upon at the ballotbox.Voting is an important form of praxis.When people go to the ballot box and cast their votes, they give their voices in support of, or opposition to, a certain issue. Wolf, P. & Holmes, K. (2011). Figure 9.6 Open-ended nature of conceptualization Source:Wikimedia Creative Commons The best we can do is to make sure our generalizations are as accurate as possible, avoiding overgeneralizationsespecially those beginning with All. We must be sure to speak of white swans when the swans we observe are really white. As a result, peoples actions are judged in terms of that cultures ethical system, e.g., eating frogs as the right behavior in the French culture. Discuss the principles of nonverbal communication. To the Kobon, the white people frst appear as spirits that may or may not be peaceful, while the ofcers fnd themselves in a highly risky situation, facing possible and unjustifed violence. (Agar, 1994, pp. Oh, he was quite a man! (1991). Chapter Outline 1 Introducing the Problem Question 56 2 Language as Representation 56 2.1 Verbal Language 56 2.2 Nonverbal Language 57 3 How to do Things with Wordsand Nonverbals 60 3.1 Language Rules 62 4 Introducing the Performativity Principle 63 4.1 The Dramaturgy of Performativity: From Rules to Roles 64 4.2 Levels of Performance 65 4.3 Performativity as Reiterative Process 67 4.4 Hospitality 70 5 The Performativity Principle Defned 74 6 Case Study:Translation zone(s):A stuttering 74 7 Side Trips 78 7.1 Free Play of the Saw 78 7.2 Intercultural Travel Blogs 78 7.3 Whiteness Workshops 79 56 Performativity Principle 1 Introducing the Problem Question In the previous chapter, we saw how our search for knowledge takes place against the background of uncertainty. According to such perception, the right way to manage tensions appears to be my way, and if others do not share those views, their culture must be conquered and eliminated; otherwise, they will conquer and eliminate my own culture. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 2(1). Be the first to receive exclusive offers and the latest news on our products and services directly in your inbox. (2003). Belonging is an achievementan efect performatively produced. Football, firting, solitaire, business meetings, and even friendships are guided by diferent sets of formal or informal rules (Anderson & Ross, 2002, p. 152). Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. What communicative strategies can help the two cultures to sustain their identities? All rights reserved. Such discussion draws upon the existing scholarship in the feld of intercultural communication including key concepts, propositions, and theories. Journal of Political Philosophy, 8(2): 207226. 6 6.1 Side Trips Cultural Dimensions and Investment Decisions In their article entitled The relationship between psychic distance and foreign direct investment decisions:A Korean study, Jai-Beom Kim and Dongkee Rhee (2001) argue that the greater the distance between the home and 154 Continuum Principle the host cultures, the greater the probability companies will choose a joint venture over acquisitions. Response to a question from the Novy Mir editorial staf. Ethnolinguistic identity theory: A social psychological approach to language maintenance. Wang, A. The Shock of the Other program follows its host, David Maybury-Lewis, the head of the Cultural Survival organization, and his crew on their journey into the Peruvian Amazon to learn about the Mashco-Piro tribe, hidden from the outside world. Classifcation: LCC HM1211 .K58 2020 (print) | LCC HM1211 (ebook) | DDC 303.48/2dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020008456 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020008457 ISBN: 978-0-367-37388-7 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-367-37387-0 (pbk) ISBN: 978-0-429-35347-5 (ebk) Typeset in Bembo by Apex CoVantage, LLC Contents Acknowledgments x Introduction 1 Organization of the Book:An Approach to Intercultural Communication 1 Goal of the Book: Developing Intercultural Communication Competence 3 1 Punctuation Principle: Whats in a Line? 6 Chapter Outline 6 1 Introducing the Problem Question 7 2 Defning Basic Terms 7 2.1 Culture 7 2.2 Communication 10 3 Identity as Group Membership 10 3.1 Cultural Identity as Refective Self-Image 16 4 Introducing the Punctuation Principle 19 4.1 Boundary Lines as Conceptualizations 19 4.2 Constructive and Destructive Boundary Lines 21 4.3 Boundary Fit in Intercultural Communication 22 5 The Punctuation Principle Defned 24 6 Case Study:Peace Walls in Northern Ireland 25 7 Side Trips 28 7.1 What Is a Person of Color? speak softly: they associate speaking softly with education and good manners(Martin & Chaney,2006,p.59).Such cultural differences in volume of speech may have an impact on intercultural interactions. For the sake of the example, suppose 70% voted for the proposition, and 30% voted against it.These ballots represent two cultural positionsposition A (Anglo-Saxon) and position B (bilingualmostly Hispanic). A brief report. At the same time, both cultures are presented as trying to develop their own codes of conduct, e.g., sexual mores.The exchange between Orou and the French chaplain is seen as an attempt to have an open-minded and mutually benefcial dialogue about the validity of their codes of conduct. . Therefore, learning a foreign language as a step toward successful intercultural communication must begin with mastering the sound system of that language, i.e., learning to hear and pronounce new sounds. https://missionexus. Grounding of meanings begins with a perceived connection between two thingsthis way, cultural beliefs are developed. If we look more carefully at the defnition of punctuation given earlier to mark with points or dots, we notice that the emphasis needs to be placed on the action of marking itself. He looks at the jungle and sees (or thinks he does) a distant fgure. From the West German perspective, the Americans shoot from the hip without taking careful aim; in other words, they do not take time individually to think through their problems and come to a rational conclusion. Intercultural communication: An interdisciplinary approach: When neurons, genes and evolution joined the discourse. He has authored numerous articles, book chapters, and books in communication theory, semiotics, translation studies, general linguistics, and intercultural communication. However, machine learning is said to have a dark side, for algorithms are developed by humans and refect basic human assumptions; as a result, machines can be as prejudiced as the people from whom they learn. It is important to note that this journey may imaginatively originate at any point on the hermeneutical circle (Paparella, 2012, p. 11). Clark, J. On the one hand, those countries have a low tolerance for uncertainty, e.g., they dislike the entry of any global product into their cultures. As part of its operation, the corporation established a certain practice regulating its interactions with East Asian engineers who were given a $2,000 housing allowance so that they could live comfortably adjacent to the plant. Each culture tries to reduce all morals to Self, i.e., to its own system of ethical standards, claiming its own code of conduct as the only acceptable one. The list can be continued to include a coach, a doctor, a pastor, a teenager, a student, etc.While a unique person, everyone is in some respects just like other people with whom we all share some characteristics because communication not only separates, sets apart, particularizes its members but also unites them and makes alike inside its own boundaries (Bauman, 1993, p. 40). As performative and embodied activity, how can intercultural communication be seen as a mutually benefcial act? It is important to note that such regulations served to tighten the boundaries not only around the technology but also the community itself. It is crucial to remember, therefore, that language does not exist by itself in a static system of defnitions and syntax, but is intimately caught up in our activities and practices (Blair, 2006, p. 8). Suppose you want to know how travelers adapt overseas.You start looking for variables and may fnd them in age. Punctuation Principle 25 First, intercultural communication can be seen in terms of boundary lines, which originate in peoples minds marking distinctions between in-groups (Self) and out-groups (Other). 2. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons. (1995). Was the Motorola management right not to fre a senior East Asian engineer, and was his behavior of using his housing allowance for another purpose good or bad? In this chapter, thus, we take up the following Problem Question: What is the process of cultural identifcation? 2 Defning Basic Terms The subject of this book is intercultural communication so lets begin by defning its two basic termsculture and communication. 2. It must be noted that the idea of positionality is closely related to standpoint theory (Sorrells, 2016, p. 13).The overall premise of Standpoint Theory is that our cultural background infuences the way we perceive the world: this way, diferent ways of knowing and being are produced, including different power relations (Allen, 2017). Here, time is perceived as fgure, which is carved out of the world, as it were, in such language signs as time, clock, or 5 p.m. Not surprisingly, most of these language signs are nouns and their expression cannot but infuence the way the world is perceived by people from those cultures. Boethius on mind, grammar and logic: A study of Boethius commentaries on Peri Hermeneias. (Goodpaster, 1992, p. 111) Moral patterns of thought and action of people from diferent cultures may collide as they enact diferent views of what it means to do the right thing in various situations of interaction. The updated forms are available to be completed by states when nominating living heritage elements to the Representative List and Urgent Safeguarding List for the 2021 cycle along with 38 fles of elements considered as good examples by the Committee or the Evaluation Body (https://ich.unesco.org/). Revised edition of the book published in 1992. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Not surprisingly, humanists often are suspicious of the claim that there is an immutable world to be discovered, and they tend not to separate the knower from the known (Littlejohn, 2002, p. 10).According to the subjective stance, we ourselves are part of this world interrelated with what we study, in spite of our best intentions to be completely objective. Below are several examples of such battles. In other words, cultures are not stable categories (essences), but shifting positions, determined by complex relations of power and enacted by verbal and nonverbal means (matters of rhetoric). Ritual as a heuristic device in studies of organizational discourse. Insofar as the Kobon willingly participated in exchange transactions, they saw the white people not only as a threat but also as a potential ally that could be mobilized to help in the realization of their own goals. 229255). People do not actually use the natural elements of environment; rather, people are afected by such elements, and one can only try and adjust to them. Patrols now carried out such new activities as taking a census, collecting taxes, and organizing elections.The author of the article notes that, in describing their experiences to him, the Kobon repeatedly mentioned the importance of such new rituals in their interactions with the Australians as the daily morning and evening roll call, hoisting the fag, and census patrols in which they had been ordered to stand in line in front of the ofcer. LeMaster, B. Those studying . Do you think that this project can be seen as a good metaphor for the Sustainability Principle? He called for an understanding of the grievances that lie at the roots of such confict and must be addressed if the conficts are to be resolved. Intercultural communication: An introduction. Since the body is capable of producing magnetic felds and exchanging such energies with other life forms, disease can be treated through harmonious electromagnetic communication.The units of such energies are known as biophotonslight particles generated within the body that could be measured as they emanate from the skin: they regulate such physiological processes as growth, maturation, cell diferentiation, enzymatic activity, and immune system functions. 3150).Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Needless to say, the incident had an impact on the Thai and Vietnamese perceptions of each other and on their future intercultural interactions (Vatikiotis & Schwartz, 1995). The view from highway 1: Essays on television. Can you identify and discuss two cultural maps in this intercultural situation? London and New York: Routledge. These two types of communication are illustrated very well in the training video Crosstalk: Performance Appraising Across Cultures, featuring a series of goal-setting performance-appraisal interviews between individuals from low-context and high-context cultures. Hall (2002, pp. 3. National Geographic, July 31. www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/2019/07/thesedeath-defying-human-towers-build-on-catalan-tradition/.Accessed November 23, 2019. Second, positionality is not simply a matter of cultures establishing their specifc positions; it is a matter of power relations between these positions. Jermanok, S. (1999).A tale of two countries. Clark, D. (1995). Model of Intercultural Communication This model illustrate that culture is a part of every communication act. It is important to note that boundaries between diferent cultures are permeable and determined by what needs to be accomplished since systems in intercultural communication are all working together to achieve some goal (Wiseman, 2003, p. 199). Z. 4.1 The Nature of Commensurability The possibility of intercultural communication cannot be adequately discussed without understating what meaning is.You may have noticed that the term meaning has been used quite often in our preceding discussion, revolving 120 Commensurability Principle around three thingsour language (or signs, in general), our thought (or the mind), and the world in which we live. Understanding requires that, as a result of a communication encounter, neither your own horizon nor that of the person(s) from another culture, is left intact: true understanding involved transformation or the fusion of horizons (Vessey, 2009).We change with the horizon, becoming part of a new whole. It is possible to draw a parallel between the fgure/ground distinction, discussed in the previous chapter, and the two broad categories introduced by Whorfthe Manifested and the Manifesting. 284285). The word dialectics as the art of discussion or debate has its roots in Ancient Greece when Socrates and Plato showed that every issue has two opposing lines of argument, regarding dialectics as a search for truth.Through discussion or debate, contradictory arguments can be resolved and the truth can be found. At the same time, verbal communication was also employed from the start in the form of orders, threats, and explanation. Jadda, S. (2019).The Italian cultural crisis and the case of the Bellini theater. Second, not only is order created out of uncertainty, but order is created out of uncertainty.We should remember that indeterminate organisms possess expandable or open boundaries that enable them to continue to grow and alter their patterns indefnitely (Hofmeyer, 1999, p. 337). Principles of Electronic Communication Systems Louis Frenzel 2015-02-09 Principles of Electronic Communication Systems 4th edition What a culture presents as its authoritative knowledge of the world depends on acknowledgement by people from other cultures. The participants meet informally at work but also in bars, cafes, and other locations where they express their true feelings and desires (honne), argue and try to iron out diferences of opinion before the formal meeting where they express the view of the majority (tatemae) whether they fully agree with it or not. K., & Bradford, L. (1996). For example, people from the United States may see themselves as hard-working, friendly, tolerant and freedom-loving (Stewart & Bennet, 2005). & Levinson, S. (2011).The senses in language and culture. Historical frames of relational perspectives. Accounting Principles-Lecture 3; MichaelHoy Solution Mathematics For Economics; MCQs . Boston:Allyn & Bacon. As you can see, uncertainty is an integral part of our everyday experiences and so we must welcome it into our life. Chapter Outline 1 Introducing the Problem Question 35 2 From Ontology to Epistemology 35 2.1 Objective Stance 35 2.2 Subjective Stance 36 2.3 Two Sides of the Same Coin 38 3 Knowledge as Inherently Uncertain 39 4 Introducing the Uncertainty Principle 40 4.1 Uncertainty and Horizon of Knowledge 41 4.2 Uncertainty and Dis-closure 42 4.3 Certainty in Uncertainty 46 5 The Uncertainty Principle Defned 48 6 Case Study:The Shock of the Other 48 7 Side Trips 52 7.1 Uncertainty and Intercultural Crisis Communication 52 7.2 A Person Who Has No Horizon 52 7.3 There Is Strangeness Hidden in the Familiar 52 Uncertainty Principle 1 35 Introducing the Problem Question In the previous chapter, we emphasized the importance of recognizing and drawing boundary lines, with the success of communication determined by a boundary ft between people from diferent cultures in various situations of interaction. If you make this mistake, your request might be taken as a display of ignorance, at best, or an attempt to cause your hosts emotional pain, at worst. So, the contradictory nature of intercultural communication can be revealed by using dialectics as a sensible way to study a world composed of mutually dependent processes in constant evolution (Ollman, 1998, p. 342).This way, we can see that a culture maintains its identity and remains stable only through a process of interaction with other cultures. In every intercultural encounter, conceptualizations and appraisals still difer, creating tensions; however, managing intercultural tensions becomes more rational with a higher chance of success. Overall, it is only by going outside of ones own culture that ones identity can be revealed most fully and profoundly. ), International negotiation:Analysis, approaches, issues (pp. Each part dealing with intercultural communication as transaction. Borradori, G. (2003). Japanese and American meetings and what goes on before them. In other words, the analog and the digital cannot be separated from communication, for they are inherent to our existence.And, third, when we hear today about new digital technologies or digital media, it is necessary to remember that the digital does not take over and nullify the analog . First, he uses a distinct vocal (but not verbal) sign exhibiting rhythm and intonation . In this sense, although such terms as face or language game might suggest the meaning of something immaterial, intercultural communication must be conceptualized as something physical and corporealembodied performance including face as a part of the body and language as tangible symbols produced by the body. Each such state was seen as a peak experience which occurred when the integrated intercultural potential of AMD was unleashed. Warren, J. Such negative stereotyping can become a "self-fulfilling prophecy" for those who are stereotyped and hence place them at risk. Uncertainty, therefore, constantly opens a free space for changes and evolution. Grsoy, . T. (2019). Only with collaboration do people share their resources and create a shared space with optimal potential, while sustaining and developing their unique identities. Haas, L. (2008). Like its counterpart, Macroeconomics in Context, the book is uniquely attuned to economic realities. For example, Synergy Principle 225 the U.S. side could have decided that because Germany had numerous laws and regulations and because its engineers were too rational and too cerebral, their collaboration would be inefective. Journal of Intercultural Communication Research, 48(3): 203220. It must now be clear that language is not only representational but also constitutive: it is the way humans construct or bring-into-being the worlds that we inhabit (Stewart, 1998, p. 34). Bissessar, Ch. Confict resolution and peacebuilding in Laos: Perspective for todays world. . According to this pattern, the sum is perceived to be fexible: any situation of intercultural communication is perceived as dynamic and subject to change. Prompt questions to guide you on your side trips are provided. The relationship between psychic distance and foreign direct investment decisions: A Korean study. As actors, people produce and perform their script together, creating and recreating their world. http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0005/business. If Self completely identifes with people from another culture, and becomes only an actor, Self stops seeing how one is diferent from Other and loses the framework from which to approach Other; as a result, Self can no longer be a spectator of the language game being played and no longer able to evaluate the intercultural experience, deciding what meanings should be enacted. In this complex process, Self operates between two extremesidentifying with Other and keeping distant from Other.This process of understanding meaning is sometimes described as a hermeneutic circle where distanceexperiences and near-experiences constantly change (Geertz, 1983). Eisenstadt, S. (1998). In M. Fong & R. Chuang (Eds. Intercultural communication as a shared space. As such, it adopts an experimental approach to language and uses diferent theoretical frameworks, including epistemology that deals with ways of knowing.The project draws on Paul Ricoeurs view of translation as both a linguistic paradigm (translation between languages) and also an ontological paradigm (translation between one human self and another). 7586). France and Switzerland, for instance, provide a special vocabulary aimed to replace Anglicisms with their own language(s), especially in the areas of computing, business, and entertainment. Consider an intercultural couple discussing their favorite ethnic food, and one likes Thai while the other likes Mexican.This disagreement is a confict of opinion (Thompson, 2000): they simply express diferent opinions as to which ethnic food is, in their opinion, better; they can argue for a while and then call the whole thing of, so to speak, going their separate ways. So when the companys and tribes representatives met to discuss the fate of the canyon, their arguments were very diferent; the Anschutz executives invoked their legal rights, while an Arapahoe elder ofered a short prayer and invoked an argument around the places sacredness. In technical terms,the two points merge if they cannot be distinguished by their neighborhood (Johanson, 2001, p. 4). In this light, our newly interdependent global society, with its remarkable possibilities for linking people around the planet, gives us the material basis for a new ethic . Therefore, the nature of boundary lines, as internalized conceptualizations, is two-fold.A boundary line can take the form of various barriers that cause disputes and even wars; it is then perceived as destructive and does not lead to successful intercultural interactions. Bernstein, D., Roy, E. J., Srull,T. In W. Gudykunst & B. Moody (Eds. For their interactions to be successful, people from different cultures should move from avoiding one another to collaborating and sharing their resources so that they can reach the most constructive resolution in solving their tensions. As usual, it is recommended that you read the article in its entirety; below, you fnd a summary of the article. It must be noted that in the professional mathematical literature, the common symbol for the Golden Ratio is the Greek letter tau . (Eds.) . However, another issue, equally important, is found in the intangible resourcessymbolic meanings associated with the dolphin (in the West) and the iruka (in Japan). Journal of Advertising, 25(4): 5771. It is in efect as long as one culture establishes a dynamic limit on its capacity to allow another culture on its territory and trusts another culture not to cross this boundary line. In this chapter, thus, we take up the following Problem Question: How does the nature of knowledge afect intercultural communication? 2 From Ontology to Epistemology Chapter 1 had an ontological orientation. Diferent concepts relate to one another, forming propositions. Bilefsky quotes Marie Bouchard, a 23-year-old political science student at Universit de Montral, who says:I love French, its my language, quickly adding,But if I only spoke French, it would limit my horizons. How can this article be analyzed in terms of the Pendulum Principle? The peace walls as conceptualizations persist not only in a tangible form but also in cultural memory and narrative; consider the example of someone who can tell a Catholic just by looking into their eyes, which takes years of experience. Also, while they were established as a temporary measure to keep the Catholics and Protestants apart, the peace walls are now conceptualized somewhat diferently since theyre now part of life in Northern Ireland. Why now? It is as if people have blinds on, preventing them from seeing the real Other and the real Self. Accessible and lively introduction to the management of cross-cultural communication for undergraduate and postgraduate business students. Accessed October 4, 2019. People act as subjects, establishing new boundaries for intercultural interactions. . The American Psychologist, 65(4): 237251. It is dangerous because one culture imposes its system of meanings on another culture, reducing it to a shadow of Self. What are your thoughts on this form of communication engagement? It seems that your original (negative) prejudgment (Soccer in the United States is a joke) can hardly be considered accurate and will not help your intercultural interactions. 4.1 Boundary Lines as Conceptualizations The term punctuation goes back to Latin punctuare, meaning to break, to mark with points or dots, which in turn goes back to Latin pungere, meaning to pierce.This is exactly what traditional punctuation marks do break the stream of writing by marking with points and dots its separate 20 Punctuation Principle elements. The implications of this resolution. & Johnson,A. (1997). Or, take the sandstone canyon southwest of Billings, Montana.To some business companies, this land can be a potential site for drilling oil.To the numerous Native American tribes, this place is known as the Valley of the Chiefs.These tribes believe this canyon serves as a living link to their collective past. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Boylan, P. (2002). Do you agree with that opinion? London and New York: Routledge. The view from afar. Trust. New Haven and London:Yale University Press. Following the approval of Proposition 227, many bilingual teachers said they would not comply with the English-only rule, despite the threat of lawsuits; they vowed to go to court and fght the measure. A boundary line can also create peaceful borders; it is then perceived as constructive and leads to successful intercultural communication. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Dallas: Houghton Mifin. Chapter 9: Preparing a Speech. Categorization makes it possible to structure and give coherence to our general knowledge about people and the social world, providing typical patterns of behavior and the range of likely variation between types of people (Cantor et al., 1982, p. 34). ), The international encyclopedia of intercultural communication. But why? Geertz argues that no side in this story made any attempt to make sense of the others position and, as a result, to question Ethnocentric Reduction : Other = Self Imposing upon SELF OTHER Culture A Culture B Result: Culture A is imposed upon Culture B. Bridging the divide: Cross-cultural mediation. 3.2 Continuum as Topological Space You must have heard the word continuum used in expressions such as it must be viewed on a continuum or it is only one side of the continuum. But have you really thought about what continuum means? Gudykunst,W. Cambridge, MA:The Technology Press of MIT/New York:Wiley. 4.2 Uncertainty and Dis-closure Lets now look at intercultural communication using a modifcation of the Johari Window model (Luft, 1970) that consists of four areas of awareness or window panes (Figure 2.1). Compromise creates a space for further communication and strengthens the seeds that will continue to grow toward integration. The afective component includes various attitudes, feelings, and emotions arising in intercultural situations, and can be represented by the expression,I feel . Overall, it is no exaggeration to say that A B A Figure 7.1 Continuum as dynamic tension Source: Author B Pendulum Principle 161 the overriding motivation of any group of people is to maintain its cultural vitality, i.e., the capacity for the continuation of a meaningful existence. One fows into the other like an onrushing stream of energy. Take another look at the examples of interactions discussed earlier in this chapter. Through discussing and evaluating the cell phone technology, the ultra-Orthodox community reafrmed its beliefs, values, and standards of practice.As a result, the kosher phone came to indicate religious commitment, its ownership seen as a way to afrm community afliation. ., means that intercultural communication never stops; it always continues, trying to reach, and never reaching, that ideal of perfect balance. For example, based on Hofstedes research, it is possible to look at a representative number of similar behaviors and calculate a collective cultural score. For example, the practice of Islamic veiling is usually discussed in terms of freedom and presented by Westerners (especially feminists) as a case of gender oppression in Islamic cultures. Shirato,T. Accessed August 4, 2019. Emmerson, 1995). Do you agree with this argument? Weber,T. At the same time, Motorola managers are reluctant to let the engineer have his way with the funds; after all, the engineer has been given the money to rent a place near the plant and to be readily available when necessary.The engineer, too, may be reluctant to continue working for Motorola if forced to use the $2,000 allowance only for housing. Frazier, M. & Kasten, S. (2015). He takes a small boat and sails closer to the northern boundary of the Mashco-Piro territory. & Herbrechter, S. (2012). . Do you fnd performative pedagogy an efective approach to teaching intercultural communication? (1982). In this light, the committee evaluated the kosher phone and issued ofcial regulations for its design. For example, every language has a system of basic sounds at peoples disposal, and people engage in language games using those sounds only. New York: Routledge. Earlier, we noted that the fow of intercultural communication as enactment of meaning goes from activity through actions to operations; however, we shouldnt forget that this process at the same time goes back from operations to actions to activity. From that central position, every culture makes judgments about all other cultures. No matter how complex, the continuum is never complete because new names can be created; a continuum is a topological space that is infnitely 146 Continuum Principle divisible into parts. This is an enormously compelling next edition. Moral relativism is dangerous because it discourages moral discourse and disregards ethical guidelines outside of each cultural context (Pedersen, 1997, p. 155). Also, Chinese were found to anticipate more alteration in the direction of trends and more variation in the rate of change, and were more likely than Americans to regard people who predict changes as wise. Boston and New York: Bedford/St. In this chapter, thus, we take up the following Problem Question: What is it that diferent cultures can accomplish by collaborating and integrating their resources? 2 Ethics in Intercultural Communication In this book, we have discussed numerous examples of intercultural interactions. In the end, people from diferent cultures can fnd the best and most lasting resolution to their conficts when they themselves control both the process of their interaction and its outcome.The two sides come to the realization that they should communicate openly and manage confict together. 30 Punctuation Principle Chen,Y., & Lin, H. (2016). A calls them out; B brings the stone which he has learned to bring at such and such a call. 1. Positionality Principle 111 Jandt, F. (2001). Chapter Outline 1 2 3 Introducing the Problem Question 136 Global Cultural Dimensions: How Many? Towards a semiotics of cultural other. In reallife intercultural interactions, of course, there are many possible cuts, closer to, or further away, from this ideal of the Golden Ratio, and all those cuts teach us about ourselves and others, helping us all to grow. Besides, many Catalans see the Spanish state trying to counteract the expansion of the Catalan language and weaken the sense of Catalan cultural identity. Los Angeles Times, November 15. www. Also, they would set up a large camp at the spot where the vengeance killing had taken place and talk to the Kobon, explaining the purpose and intentions of the Australian administration. Lets look at this error and see why it is also called correspondence bias. When we interact with other people, we attribute their actions to disposition or situation. It is our perception of reality that creates the outcomes of our intercultural transactions. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux. References Adler, P. (1987). Common Traps And Problems Every culture has their own gestures and ways of speaking. It should be pointed out, however, that the development of self requires a kind of enlightened indeterminacya willingness to embrace ambiguity and uncertainty as an integral part of everyday life (Eisenberg, 2001, p. 534; emphasis added). Going beyond black and white, Hispanics in census pick other. (1998). ), Origins and traditions of organizational communication: A comprehensive introduction to the feld (pp. Situated cognition. For instance, people from feminine cultures, such as Sweden, Denmark, and Norway, would expect more government policies that ease the burden of leaving ones job to bear a child and returning to work. TIME, September 5. (Oonk, 2002, p. 535) People from many cultures, therefore, do not hear other voices, or do not hear all the voices; for instance, the experience of people in the so-called Third World cultures cannot be limited to hunger and disasters, while the experience of people in the Western cultures cannot be limited only to soap operas and business corporations. Beyond a Western bioethics:Voices from the developing world. Taylor, C. (2016). Boletsi, M. (2013). DOI: 10.5703/ 1288284315688.Accessed November 23, 2019. A C B Figure 10.3 Straight line as the Golden Ratio Source: Author While the whole line AB is longer than the segment AC and the segment AC is longer than the segment CB, the ratio of the length of AB to AC is the same as the ratio of AC to AB! ), Handbook of international and intercultural communication (pp. To Jewish audiences, this kind of story sounds like a playful elaboration of a well-known biblical tale, while to Arab audience the strategy of re-naming Abraham as the frst Bedouin and endowing a familiar agricultural object with a biblical career is an act of cultural appropriation. As discussed in Chapter 2, we can never be certain that we possess all the knowledge, in this casethe one and only generalization. It is clear that for the transaction to be successful, people from diferent cultures should move from avoiding one another to collaborating with one another. (1970). Lets look at several examples of resources that lie at the basis of intercultural confict. Usually, the following stages of culture shock are isolated: (a) preliminary stage of introspection and preparation; (b) honeymoon stage, when everything about a diferent culture is new and exciting; (c) crisis stage, when one considers leaving due to lack of trust, isolation, and misunderstandings; (d) adaptation stage, which involves gradually adjusting to a new culture; and (e) return stage, when the formerly familiar about your own culture becomes strange. This view of the relationship between language and cultural knowledge is usually labeled the strong version of linguistic relativity, also called linguistic determinism (Wolf & Holmes, 2011).According to this version, linguistic structure is said to determine the way people think and act. Lets remember that what we think of as our identity is dependent on what we think we are not (Barker, 2000, p. 195; emphasis added).The word think is the key to the origin of boundary lines: they are, above all, our thoughts, our perceptions and expectations. Business advertising appeals as a mirror of cultural dimensions:A study of eleven countries. In the long-awaited second edition of "Basic Concepts of Intercultural Communication," Milton J. Bennett provides a comprehensive overview of the field from a constructivist perspective. CBLDF, September 7. http://cbldf.org/2017/09/book-burning-a-sordid-history-of-cultural-erasure/. 7.3 An Introduction to Dating Course in South Korea In South Korea, college-level dating classes are proliferating (Ryu, 2019); one example is the course An Introduction to Dating ofered at Dongguk University. Fortunately, such perceptual challenges as overgeneralizations (stereotypes) and prejudgments (prejudices) that could have prevented the cultures of AMD from successful collaboration were overcome. It is in such activities that language comes alive and reveals its nature as a living organism. Evaluation, then, is a process of appraising or judging our typifcations. Cosmos and History:The Journal of Natural and Social Philosophy, 9(1): 265281. It is through performing actions that people deal with uncertainty in intercultural communication. Rather, it is a social phenomenon, embedded in wider contexts of actions or lifeworld(s). Ogden, C. & Richards, I. Moreover, this value continues indefnitely as it gets closer and closer to the ideal relationship between these two parts. Intercultural sustainability is not just a matter of morality but also of rationality: a decision is considered right if it helps people to sustain their culture. 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