rajatarangini was translated into persian byrajatarangini was translated into persian by

After his family, Godhara of another family ruled (I.95). [31] Arriving in Kashmir, Haidar installed as sultan the head of the Sayyid faction, Nazuk. He established a university in Naushehra and a Darul Tarjuma. Among other things that fall within its wide sweep, the work contains references not only to such things as the countrys episodic encounters with China across the border, but also to the depredations of Mahmud Ghazni in Kashmirs neighbourhood around 1013 that portended the eventual Islamic conquest of Kashmir, the land variously heirs to the spiritual heritage of Hindu, Buddhist and Jain faiths. Ruled with his mother Didda as regent, aided by the minister Naravahana. Translations of " " into Persian in sentences, translation memory . Explanation: In 1574 Akbar started a Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in Fatehpur Sikri. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. Traces of genuine history are also found, however, in references to the Mauryan emperors Ashoka and Jalauka; the Buddhist Kushan kings Hushka (Huviska), Jushka (Vajheska), and Kanishka (Kaniska); and Mihirakula, a Huna king. Skipping over "lost kings" we come to Lava of an unknown family. It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to the date of its synthesis. Another television serial based on this work has been completed by National Award winning director, Jyoti Sarup. Sanskrit is a Indo-Aryan part of the Indo-European dialects. Unacademy is Indias largest online learning platform. The translators of Rajatarangini framed the text as more than a solitary example of Indian historical writing; rather, they engaged with it on multiple levels, drawing out, debating, and rethinking the definitions of literature and history and the relative significance of and relationship between them in capturing the identity of the nation and its regions. He filled his court with, Shreshtasena (Pravarasena I / Tungjina II), According to Kalhana, the emperor Vikramditya (alias Harsha) of, Younger brother of Vikramaditya. in the broad and interdisciplinary area of "theory and history of cultural production," (I.191) He belonged to. In principle, it is for three reasons, specifically, the texts regard to sequence, causation, and (affirmed) objectivity, that European Orientalist researchers who concentrated on the text from the mid-nineteenth century onwards, called the. In the Karkota family, Lalitapida had a concubine, a daughter of a Kalyapala (IV.678). By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Toromanu is clearly the Huna king of that name, but his father Mihirakula is given a date 700 years earlier. He was also called the Lalitaditya of Medieval Kashmir as he erected many mosques and monasteries. His descendant Meghavahana later restored the dynasty's rule. The young Chippatajayapida was advised by his maternal uncle Utpalaka or Utpala (IV.679). Does adding salt to water increase conductivity? It joins a long catalogue of such translations from Sanskrit beginning with that of Kautilyas [18] Waqfs were endowed to shrines, mosques were commissioned, numerous Sufi preachers were provided with jagirs and installed in positions of authority, and feasts were regularly held. Notes: Rajatarangini is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir. The Rajataringini provides the earliest source on Kashmir that can be labeled as a "historical" text on this region. Arthashastra , one of the first in the history of Malayalam literature. He showed shockingly progressed specialised mastery for the time in his anxiety for offbeat sources. Built a great city called Srinagara (near but not same as the modern-day. Verse 15. [6], No kings mentioned in this book have been traced in any other historical source. This article examines two translations of the textone Orientalist and the other nationalistwith the purpose of interrogating these categories, by drawing out the complex engagement between European and indigenous ideas, and the dialogue between past and present that informed their production. It covers the whole range of history in Kashmir from the earliest times to the date of its synthesis. [32] He died in 1550 after being killed in battle with the Kashmiris. [15], Sultan Alau'd-Din's two sons became kings in succession, Sultan Shihabu'd-Din and Sultan Qutbu'd-Din. Answer. Persian Literature During Delhi Sultanate - MCQ Books Writing of Rajatarangini in the introduction to his 1935 English translation of this twelfth-century Sanskrit narrative by Kalhana, R. S. Pandit described it as a "poem of great scope, a more or less complete picture of society, in which the bloody periods of the past are delightfully relieved by delicate tales of love, by episodes of marvel Here, the emperor's top scribes and secretaries were given the task of translating a range of Sanskrit texts, including the Rajatarangini (The History of the Kings of Kashmir) and the Ramayana, into Persian. 0 0 Similar questions It is a very good painting of the beyond with splendid recorded understanding. The Lohara family was founded by a Nara of Darvabhisara (IV.712). The. Verse 12. A Shaivite during whose reigns Buddhists also flourished. Rajatarangini - Wikipedia Rajatarangini was translated into Persian by Zain-ul-Abidin order. Since the battle was motive-less for the Delhi Sultanate peace concluded between them on a condition that all the territories from Sirhind to Kashmir belong to the Shah Mir empire. Jonaraja in his Dvitiya Rajatara? Rajatarangini (The River of Kings) is a metrical historical chronicle of north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir, written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 12th century CE. According to D. C. Sircar, Kalhana has confused the legendary Vikramaditya of Ujjain with the Vardhana Emperor Harsha (c. 606-47 CE). All rights reserved. Nevertheless, multiple scholars identify Kalhana's Ashoka with the Mauryan emperor Ashoka. An unpopular king, he was killed. Who translated Rajatarangini in Persian language? The Himalayan area of Kashmir is an intermontane valley shaped by the stream Jhelum (antiquated name Vitasta), a feeder of the waterway Indus. [6], Son of Shreshtasena, assisted by his brother and co-regent Toramana. In style the Rajatarangini narrative is sometimes considered as versified prose on a massive scale, yet its strong structural appeal made it a model for later historians. [22] His policies, like with the previous Hindu rulers, were likely meant to gain access to the immense wealth controlled by Brahminical institutions;[23][22][24] further, Jonaraja's polemics stemmed, atleast in part, from his aversion to the slow disintegration of caste society under Islamic influence. [6], The Gonanda dynasty ruled Kashmir for 1002 years. [22], Kalhana's account starts to align with other historical evidence only by Book 4, which gives an account of the Karkota dynasty. Son of Vajraditya II and Mangjarika. He is most remembered for his Advaita Vedantist text, the Dasbodh. Son of Durlabhavardhana and Anangalekha. Book VII brings the narrative to the death of King Harsha (1101), and Book VIII deals with the stormy events between the death of Harsha and the stabilization of authority under Kalhanas contemporary Jayasimha (reigned 112849). epic poem Among original compositions in Persian, historical literature easily occupied the first place. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. The actual power was in hands of Jayadevi's brothers Padma, Utpalaka, Kalyana, Mamma and Dharmma. Notes in parentheses refer to a book ("Taranga") and verse. He ascended the throne reluctantly, at the request of his guru Ishana. However, very little about those reigns are known anyway in compare to the later dynasties. The result is an exposure to the ineffable delights of Sanskritised Malayalam, an edifying experience in itself. magnitude of the journals program within the Press is unique among American He was said to belong to the family of an ancestor called Partha, who was described as a second Partha (an allusion to the Mahabharata hero Arjuna). Owing to a certain want of care, there is not a single part in Ksemendra's "List of Kings" (Nrpavali) free from mistakes, though it is the work of a poet. Despite these stated principles, Kalhana's work is also full of legends and inconsistencies (see Historical reliability below). Kalhana was an educated and sophisticated Sanskrit scholar, well-connected in the highest political circles. 2 What was the name of Persian translation of Rajatarangini? Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Postmodernism is the literary period, the beat generation aligned with. Kalhana also states that this king had adopted the doctrine of Jina, constructed stupas and Shiva temples, and appeased Bhutesha (Shiva) to obtain his son Jalauka. Answer. Note: Muhammad Shah had five separate reigns from 1484 to 1537.[34]. Rajatarangini . Sussala's son. He was a great-grandson of a Viradeva, a Kutumbi (V.469). Uninvolved by and by in the frenzy of contemporary legislative issues, he was significantly impacted by it and expressed the accompanying. (Stay up to date on new book releases, reviews, and more with The Hindu On Books newsletter. (Arjuna) of Mahabharata fame. Son of Vajraditya II and Massa. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. He also got the Mahabharata and Rajatarangini. Feature Flags: { Rajatharangini promises to arouse a great deal of interest among readers. [3] The work consists of 7826 verses, which are divided between eight books called tarangas ("waves"). In later years of his reign, he started patronizing unwise persons, and the wise courtiers deserted him. What is the best compliment to give to a girl? He tried to abduct a Nga woman, who was the wife of a Brahmin. Corrections? Rajatarangini ("The River of Kings") is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western part of India, particularly the kings of Kashmir. Rajatarangini can be a metric splendid and verifiable account of the north-western Indian subcontinent, mainly the lords of Kashmir. Learn about the life of Vallabhacharya, a great saint and philosopher. Jonaraja The Hindi translation of Pandeya Ram Tej is another well-acclaimed book. But even this account is not fully reliable from a historical point of view. How much salary can I expect in Dublin Ireland after an MS in data analytics for a year? Critically Edited by Walter Slaje with an Annotated Translation, Indexes and Maps. Sanskrit Called "the blind" because of his small eyes. The real power lay in the hands of a noble named Gargachandra. Gonanda was the first king and a contemporary and enemy of the Hindu deity Krishna. When did the capital of India shift from Kolkata to New Delhi? The dynasty was established by Shah Mir in 1339 CE, there are two theories regarding Shah Mir's origin. As history of Kashmir, it has its undoubted deficiencies in terms of conventional chronology and the complex tapestry of myth and legend that it has largely woven together as content, but then Uchchala's step-brother; became the king after Radda's death. During his reign, the Mlechchhas (possibly, According to historical evidence, Mihirakula's predecessor was. Answer: It is court chronicle that deals with the history of rulers of Kashmir. Kalhana in his opening Taranga of Rajatarangini presents his views on how history ought to be written. Several coins of a king named Toramana have been found in the Kashmir region. His admittance to minute subtleties of contemporary court interests was practically immediate: his dad and uncle were both in the Kashmir court. Subscriber Only Stories View All Buy 2-year plan with SD20 code for special price Little is known about him except from what he tells us about himself in the opening verses of his book. Rajatarangini was composed by Kalhana, scion of a noble family of Kashmir. After Vikramadityas death, Matrigupta abdicated the throne in favour of Pravarasena. During Akbar's time the Ramayana and Mahabharata were also translated into Persian. Published online by Cambridge University Press: issues of East, South, and Southeast Asia, as well as a large book review This king is identified by some with Huna ruler Toramana, although his successor Mihirakula is placed much earlier by Kalhana.[12]. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Kalhana relates that Lalitaditya Muktapida invaded the tribes of the north and after defeating the Kambojas, he immediately faced the Tusharas. The only significance of his rule is that the Sufi saint Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani arrived at Kashmir in his reign. It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to its synthesis. and interdisciplinary publications, both books and journals. The relative Hostname: page-component-7fc98996b9-5r7zs Verse 14. Hari Parbat is visible in the background. Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin of Kashmir had the famous historical work Rajatarangini and the Mahabharata translated into Persian. View all Google Scholar citations Verse 11. Little is known about the author Kalhana (c. 12th century CE), apart from what is written in the book. The list of kings goes back to the 19th century BCE. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. [21][25] However, Sikandar was also the first Kashmiri ruler to convert destroyed temples into Islamic shrines, and such a display of supremacy probably had its origins in religious motivations. Subsequent English translations of Kalhana's Rajatarangini include: Several books containing legendary stories from Rajatarangini have been compiled by various authors. This refers to the fact that the power had passed to the brothers of a queen, who was born in a family of spirit-distillers. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions His writing is full of literary devices and allusions, concealed by his unique and elegant style. The Hindu Centre for Politics and Public Policy, Supreme Court forms expert panel to probe any regulatory failure on Adani issue, India makes renewed push for consensus at G20 Foreign Ministers meeting, Hindenburg Research report on Adani Group | Supreme Court verdict on expert committee on March 2, High debt on Vedanta books puts investors on tenterhooks, Employees Provident Fund: How to activate UAN online, 1947: Madras Devadasis (Prevention of Dedication) Act passed, RMA 0-1 FCB, El Clasico highlights: Barcelona leads on aggregate after beating Real Madrid courtesy of a Militao own goal. In the early years of his reign, the actual power was held by Sussala. In the legacy of Sanskrit, Kashmir and Kerala can be said to have a unique fellowship of literary creativity, with icons like Bilhana and Somadeva in Kashmir and Shankara and Narayana Bhattathiri in Kerala. Who translated the Ramayan & Mahabharata into Persia? Sanskrit is a Indo-Aryan part of the Indo-European dialects. According to the Mahabharata, the Kambojs ruled Kashmir during the epic period (The epic period is estimated to be roughly from 1000 to 600 BC, when some of the greatest epics such as; Ramayana and Mahabharata, came into being during this time). It describes almost two centuries of the old and early middle age history of the Valley. Subscribe here. It describes almost two centuries of the old and early middle age history of the Valley. Son of Sukhavarman. After the Utpala dynasty, a Yashaskara became king (V.469). Who translated Ramayana into Persian? | Indian History - Sawaal Eleven works of former scholars containing the chronicles of the kings, I have inspected, as well as the [Purana containing the] opinions of the sage Nila. Translations. By looking at the inscriptions recording the consecretations of temples and grants by former kings, at laudatory inscriptions and at written works, the trouble arising from many errors has been overcome. [27], He was the seventh ruler of the Shah Mir Dynasty, and reigned between 1413 and 1420. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBalochRafiq1998 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFSchimmel1980 (, Last edited on 23 February 2023, at 23:00, Baharistan-i-Shahi Chapter 3 EARLY SHAHMIRS, "Buddhism and Islam in Kashmir as Represented by Rjataragi Authors", "This book claims to expose the myths behind Kashmir's history. Sultan Shihabud-din did not have a large number of soldiers to battle against the Kashgar army. Siddha, the son of Nara, was saved from Nga's fury, because he was away from the capital at the time. It was translated into Persian by the orders of the later Muslim ruler Zain-ul-Abidin. Sultan Zain-Ul-Abidin of Kashmir had the famous historical work, Rajatarangini, and the Mahabharata translated into Persian. The Mahabharata and Kalhana's Rajatarangini were translated into Persian by his order. It is the 25th most populated city in India, located on the banks of River Vaigai. His Dvity Rjataragin can be a continuation of Kalhanas Rjataragin and brings the annal of the rulers of Kashmir proper right down to the hour of the creators supporter Zain-ul-Abidin. [19], Jonaraja and later Muslim chroniclers accuse Sikandar of terminating Kashmir's longstanding syncretic culture by persecuting Pandits and destroying numerous Hindu shrines; Suhabhat a Brahman neo-convert and Sikandar's Chief Counsel is particularly blamed for having instigated him. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Deposed by the minister Shura. Its heyday was the 13th and 14th centuries, broadly the period straddling the phase of Sanskrit literature to which [3] The work consists of 7826 verses, which are divided between eight books called tarangas ("waves"). Report Error Rajatarangini belongs. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. Raja Ram Mohan Roy, a social and educational reformer, was an idealist who contributed immensely in eradicating social evils prevalent in the society during the 18th century.He was popularly known as "Father of Modern India". Sandhimati was selected by the citizens as the new ruler. This too appears to be a reference to the ice lingam at Amarnath. Rajatarangini, (Sanskrit: River of Kings) historical chronicle of early India, written in Sanskrit verse by the Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 1148, that is justifiably considered to be the best and most authentic work of its kind. Verse 11. Please abide by our community guidelines for posting your comments. [dubious discuss] In fact, his translator Aurel Stein expressed the view that his was the only true Sanskrit history. In 1574 Akbar started a Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in Fatehpur Sikri. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. He wanted his court poets to interpret the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana, and Mahabharata into the Persian language. Nephew of Didda. The Rajatarangini was written in Sanskrit by Kalhana, who was a Kashmiri Brahmin. [21] Even where the kings mentioned in the first three books are historically attested, Kalhana's account suffers from chronological errors. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Rajatarangini in Scholarship The most widely known Rajatarangini (River of Kings) - and the one on which the English translations discussed here are based - is a Sanskrit narrative by Kalhana Pandit dating to 1148-49 AD.1 It is written in verse in the Sanskrit kavya style and divided into eight cantos (or tarangas ), which number close to 8,000 . Because of this, the Nga chief burnt down the king's city, and the king died in the fire. After a young son of Yashaskara, Pravaragupta, a Divira (clerk), became king. Son of Lalitapida and his concubine Jayadevi. Rajatarangini, (Sanskrit: "River of Kings") historical chronicle of early India, written in Sanskrit verse by the Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 1148, that is justifiably considered to be the best and most authentic work of its kind. Medieval Literature | PDF | Persian Literature | Mughal Empire - Scribd Researchers who showed up at this portrayal of the Rajatarangini as the first work of history, the last referenced drawing out the basic release of the Rajatarangini and its full English interpretation, which is perused right up til the present time. The earliest reference to the Kambojas is around the 5th century BCE. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. He called back the Hindus who had left Kashmir during his father reign and allowed building of temples. Ramcharitmanas , accomplished it in 1969. . His book Tuti Namah (book of the parrot), written in the time of Muhammad Tughluq, was a Persian translation of Sanskrit stories. [25][26], Sikandar died in April, 1413 upon which, the eldest son 'Mir' was anointed as the Sultan having adopted the title of Ali Shah. He endorsed the work to a few officials to make translations of the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana and Mahabharata into the Persian language. Abu l-Fadl Allami, Nizam al-Din and Firishta also state Youngest son of Vajradjtya II. The broad valley of Kashmir, also spelled Cashmere[2] is almost completely surrounded by the Great Himalayas and the Pir Panjal range. Son of Ajitapida. His father Champaka was the minister (Lord of the Gate) in Harsha of Kashmir's court. Nothing is known about his origin. The Rajatarangini is a Sanskrit account of the various monarchies of Kashmir, prior to the advent of Islam. The Maurya Empire was a geographically extensive and powerful political and military empire in ancient India, founded by, After a Damodara ("of Ashoka's kula or another"), we have Hushka, Jushka and Kanishka (127147 CE) of the. The Rajatarangini (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old style language, Sanskrit, in 114850 in Kashmir (part of the advanced territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India).Kalhana is said to have been the child of a previous clergyman by the name of Cempaka in the court of a Kashmiri ruler, Harsha. His son Kshemagupta married Didda, daughter of Simharaja of Lohara. The capital of India shift from Kolkata to New Delhi in the year 1911. He dug profound into such model functions as the Harshacharita and the Brihat-Samhita sagas and utilised with a praiseworthy commonality the neighbourhood rajakathas (regal accounts) and such past chips away at Kashmir as Nripavali by Kshemendra, Parthiva Wali by Helaraja, and Nilamatapurana. After a couple of generations a Vijaya from another family took the throne (II.62). This was drained by the great rishi or sage, Kashyapa, son of Marichi, son of Brahma, by cutting the gap in the hills at Baramulla, derived from Sanskrit (Boar's Molar), (Varaha) meaning Boar + (Mula) meaning deep or root. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. 'Rajatharangini' review: A Sanskrit classic from Kashmir revisited in Made king by Sukhavarman, the son of Utpala. Match words . Established the city of. Qutbuddin died and was succeeded by his son Sultan Sikander also known as the Sikander Butshikand. [9][10][11], According to Wink, Shah Mir may have been an Afghan or a Qaruna Turk, or even a Tibetan. Mughal contributions to literature and Music - KPSC Exam Free Notes Horace Hayman Wilson partially translated the work, and wrote an essay based on it, titled The Hindu History of Kashmir (published in Asiatic Researches Volume 15). Made king by Mamma and Yashovarman. The book closes with the establishment of the Karkota Naga dynasty by Durlabhaka Pratapaditya II, and it is from Book IV on that Rajatarangini takes on the character of a dependable historical narrative. 1 Who translated Rajatarangini in Kashmiri? Who translated Mahabharata and Rajatarangini into Persian? Rjatarangi (Rjataragi "The River of Kings") is a metrical historical chronicle of north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir, written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 12th century CE.[1]. [a] He thinks it more likely that he was a descendant of Turkish or Persian immigrants to Swat, who had intermarried with local indigenous peoples. Kalhana himself, notwithstanding, doesnt appear to have worked for any ruler. Rajatarangini, paintings of Kalhana written by a 12th ce Answer. Made his brother Sussala the ruler of Lohara. Translating the Past: Rethinking Rajatarangini Narratives in Colonial Eventually a Pratapaditya, a relative of Vikrmaditya (not the Shakari) became king (II.6). The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Verse 15. Fairness: That noble-minded author is alone worthy of praise whose word, like that of a judge, keeps free from love or hatred in relating the facts of the past. Notes in parentheses refer to a book ("Taranga") and verse. The author of the Rajatarangini history chronicles the rulers of the valley from earliest times, from the epic period of the Mahbhrata to the reign of Sangrama Deva (c.1006 CE), before the Muslim era. Kalhana lived in a time of political turmoil in Kashmir, at that time a brilliant center of civilization in a sea of barbarism. Son of Durlabhaka and Shrinarendraprabha. However, the intent of the translations has been insufficiently analyzed in the context of the interrelationship between Orientalist and nationalist projects and the historical and literary ideas that informed them. In that officials, Abul Fazi translated Ramayana into Persian. Persian Literature: How Kashmir Came To Be Known As 'Little Iran' Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. The chronicles only start to align with other evidence by book IV. There are four English translations of Rjatarangi by: A television series based on Rajatarangini named Meeras was begun in 1986 in Doordarshan Srinagar. In his old age, the childless king ordered killing of Sandhimati to prevent any chance of him becoming a king. Here maybe Kutumbi = kunabi (as in kurmis of UP and. Despite these stated principles, and despite the value that historians have placed on Kalhana's work, there is little evidence of authenticity and a few inconsistencies in the earlier chapters of his book, especially the first three books. Salhana was deposed and imprisoned. It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to its synthesis. The polar ends of the subcontinent that these two regions represent have been lyrically evoked in the familiar poetic description of himavatsethuparyanthaam. Let us know more about Rajatarangini. Son of Aksha. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". It is a Sanskrit file of the diverse look of Islam. It covers the entire span of history in the Kashmir region from the earliest times to the date of its composition. The Shah Mir dynasty was a dynasty that ruled the region of Kashmir in the Indian subcontinent. Rajatarangini is more aptly described as meta history. But with a small army, he fought and defeated the whole army of Kashgar. Like the Shahnameh is to Persia, the Rajatarangini is to Kashmir. Download our apps to start learning, Call us and we will answer all your questions about learning on Unacademy. For 56 years, The Journal of Asian Studies has been Owing to the pervasive distraction of COVID-19, Malayalam readers may have missed a notable event: the first translation into their language of a 12th century Sanskrit classic,

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