Primary vs. Secondary Sources | Difference & Examples - Scribbr [6] Keaveney places his departure to 93. A primary source is a first-hand or contemporary account of an event or topic. In a dispute over the command of the war against Mithridates, initially awarded to Sulla by the Senate, but withdrawn as a result of Marius' intrigues, Sulla marched on Rome in an unprecedented act and defeated Marian forces in battle. In an harangue to the people, he said, with reference to these measures, that he had proscribed all he could think of, and as to those who now escaped his memory, he would proscribe them at some future time. [73] The consuls, fearful of intimidation of Sulpicius and his armed bodyguards, declared a suspension of public business (iustitium) which led to Sulpicius and his mob forcing the consuls to flee. The Acropolis was then besieged. Archelaus tried to break out but were unsuccessful; Sulla then annihilated the Pontic army and captured its camp. Sulla's career is recounted in detail in Howard Hayes Scullard, From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 B.C. However, his candidature was dealt a blow when he was brought up on charges of extorting Ariobarzanes. Also, Faustus Cornelius Sulla, Nero's cousin, was exiled as a potential rival in 58. Primary sources are the evidence of history, original records or objects created by participants or observers at the time historical . The proceeds from auctioned property more than made up for the cost of rewarding those who killed the proscribed, filling the treasury. Marius - in ancient sources @ attalus.org A research article or study proving this would be a primary source. [75], Speaking to the men, Sulla complained to them of the outrageous behaviour of Marius and Sulpicius. Secondary Sources: Primary sources are not complete; you will find the following helpful: Boardman, John, ed. [129], Sulla had his stepdaughter Aemilia (daughter of princeps senatus Marcus Aemilius Scaurus) married to Pompey, although she shortly died in childbirth. Thus, Sulla was presented with a choice. They are now largely lost, although fragments from them exist as quotations in later writers. Wikipedia entry + Cornelius , Epaphroditus , Sylla 138/31 The birth of L.Sulla. He was saved through the efforts of his relatives, many of whom were Sulla's supporters, but Sulla noted in his memoirs that he regretted sparing Caesar's life, because of the young man's notorious ambition. When Scipio refused, Sulla let him go. [48] The Parthian ambassador, Orobazus, was executed upon his return to Parthia for allowing this humiliation; the Parthians, however, ratified the treaty reached, which established the Euphrates as a clear boundary between Parthia and Rome. Newspaper reports, by reporters who witnessed an event or who quote people who did. porterville unified school district human resources; Tags . 134/4 C.Marius spends his early life in the countryside near Arpinum. Also useful for understanding Sulla's career are the article by E. Baddian . He was also notorious for his personal relationships . [35], In 104BC, the Cimbri and the Teutones, two Germanic tribes who had bested the Roman legions on several occasions, seemed to again be heading for Italy. PDF The Emperor Nero: A Guide to the Ancient Sources - Introduction Sulla almost certainly received a normal education for his class, grounded in ancient Greek and Latin classics. [23] The means by which Sulla attained the fortune which later would enable him to ascend the ladder of Roman politics are not clear; Plutarch refers to two inheritances, one from his stepmother (who loved him dearly) and the other from his mistress Nicopolis. Primary vs. Secondary - Primary Sources: A Research Guide - Research Primary Sources - An Introductory Guide - Seton Hall University Sulla rose to prominence during the war against the Numidian king Jugurtha, whom he captured as a result of Jugurtha's betrayal by the king's allies, although his superior Gaius Marius took credit for ending the war. Sulla, in southern Italy, operated largely defensively on Lucius Julius Caesar's flank while the consul conducted offensive campaigning. Sulla and Pompeius Rufus opposed the bill, which Sulpicius took as a betrayal; Sulpicius, without the support of the consuls, looked elsewhere for political allies. These marriages helped build political alliances with the influential Caecilii Metelli and the Pompeys. Secondary sources provide second-hand information and commentary from other researchers. [21], This article is about the Roman dictator. The two greatest of these were Gaius Marius and Lucius Cornelius Sulla. Family members of the proscribed were not excluded from punishment, and slaves were not excluded from rewards. Essentially, they're sources about primary sources. The second was Lucius Cornelius Sulla, who died young. He then fought successfully against Germanic tribes during the Cimbrian War, and Italian allies during the Social War. Sarah Cooper teaches 8th grade U.S. history and is assistant head for academic life at Flintridge Preparatory School in La Canada, Calif. Sarah is the . When it came to hiding his intentions, his mind was incredibly unfathomable, yet with all else he was extremely generous; especially with money. [152], Sulla was red-blond[154] and blue-eyed, and had a dead-white face covered with red marks. [101], Sulla decamped his army from Attica toward central Greece. Primary sources are available here primarily for use in high-school and university/college courses. The ancient biography of Sulla written by Plutarch is useful. Sulla, who opposed the Gracchian popularis reforms, was an optimate; though his coming to the side of the traditional Senate originally could be described as atavistic when dealing with the tribunate and legislative bodies, while more visionary when reforming the court system, governorships, and membership of the Senate. Editor: Paul Halsall. The Black Death: The Plague, 1331-1770 - University of Iowa N.S. Of those who contracted the bubonic plague, 4 out of 5 died within eight days. By. The dictator is the subject of four Italian operas, two of which take considerable liberties with history: Sulla is a central character in the first three, Lucius Cornelius Sulla is also a character in the first book of the, His first wife was Ilia, according to Plutarch. Cornelius Lucius Sulla; Lucius Cornelius Cinna (elder) Marcus Licinius Crassus; Pompey the Great (Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus) Julius Caesar; Marcus . A primary source is an original object or document -- the raw material or first-hand information. As Sulla viewed the office, the tribunate was especially dangerous, and his intention was to not only deprive the Tribunate of power, but also of prestige (Sulla himself had been officially deprived of his eastern command through the underhanded activities of a tribune). Rome at the End of the Punic Wars [History, Book 6] [At this Site] Acts of the Divine Augustus (Res Gestae Divi Augusti) [At MIT] The Life of Gnaeus Julius Agricola (40-93 CE), [At UNRV History] Life of Cnaeus Julius Agricola (40-93 CE), c.98 CE trans. His troops prepared the ground by starting to dig a series of three trenches, which successfully contained Pontic cavalry. Sulla's body was brought into the city on a golden bier, escorted by his veteran soldiers, and funeral orations were delivered by several eminent senators, with the main oration possibly delivered by Lucius Marcius Philippus or Hortensius. [109] When Flaccus' consular army marched through Macedonia towards Thrace, his command was usurped by his legate Gaius Flavius Fimbria, who had Flaccus killed before chasing Mithridates with his army into Asia itself. Internet History Sourcebooks: Modern History - Fordham University Se l'azienda ha pi di 200 dipendenti, deve essere presente anche il rappresentante sindacale aziendale (RSA). History has portrayed them as being emblematic for a generation of chaos in Roman society. The Iraq War Ten Years After - George Washington University Reason #4: studying primary sources helps students become better citizens. Sulla then increased the number of magistrates elected in any given year, and required that all newly elected quaestores gain automatic membership in the Senate. Plutarch states in his Life of Sulla that "Sulla now began to make blood flow, and he filled the city with deaths without number or limit," further alleging that many of the murdered victims had nothing to do with Sulla, though Sulla killed them to "please his adherents.". Ancient Historians of Roman History - ThoughtCo He could acknowledge the law as valid. [94] While Rome was preparing to move against Pontus, Mithridates arranged the massacre of some eighty thousand Roman and Italian expatriates and their families, confiscating any available properties. He might have been disinherited, though it was "more likely" that his father simply had nothing to bequeath. [58] At the start of the war, there were largely two theatres: a northern theatre from Picenum to the Fucine Lake and a southern theatre including Samnium. Primary sources in history are often created by people who witnessed, participated in, or were otherwise close to a particular event. The Senate moved the senatus consultum ultimum against him and was successful in levying large amount of men and materiel from the Italians. Types of Sources Explained | Examples & Tips - Scribbr Primary sources are "first-hand" information, sources as close as possible to the origin of the information or idea under study. Sulla's First Civil War (88-87 BC) - HistoryOfWar.org These sieges lasted until spring of 86BC. The Pros and Cons of Teaching with Primary Sources - ProQuest senators and equites) executed, although as many as 9,000 people were estimated to have been killed. During these marriages, he engaged in an affair with Nicopolis, who also was older than him. Moreover, the people knew that Sulla was friends with Bocchus, a rich foreign monarch, and rejected his standing for the praetorship to induce him to spend money on games. [25], The Jugurthine War had started in 112BC when Jugurtha, grandson of Massinissa of Numidia, claimed the entire kingdom of Numidia in defiance of Roman decrees that divided it among several members of the royal family. [96] Rome unsuccessfully defended Delos from an joint invasion by Athens and Pontus. [141][140][142][143][144] Accounts were also written that he had an infestation of worms, caused by the ulcers, which led to his death. Some set their hearts on houses, some on landsThe whole period was one of debauched tastes and lawlessness. Washington, DC, March 19, 2013 - The U.S. invasion of Iraq turned out to be a textbook case of flawed assumptions, wrong-headed intelligence, propaganda manipulation, and administrative ad hockery, according to the National Security Archive's briefing book of declassified documents posted today to mark the 10 th anniversary of the war. Further, Sulla failed to frame a settlement whereby the army (following the Marian reforms allowing nonland-owning soldiery) remained loyal to the Senate, rather than to generals such as himself. He then reinforced this decision by legislation, retroactively justifying his illegal march on the city and stripping the twelve outlaws of their Roman citizenship. The later battle, at Orchomenus, was fought in high summer but before the start of the autumn rains. After the battle, Marius withdrew to Praeneste and was there besieged. Primary sources how to use them | Services to Schools La riunione periodica sulla sicurezza e la salute dei lavoratori deve essere convocata dal datore di lavoro e devono partecipare almeno il rappresentante dei lavoratori per la sicurezza (RLS) e il medico competente. Provides tips on how to read and use primary sources in historical research. [107], In the aftermath of the battle, Sulla was approached by Archelaus for terms. The first of the leges Corneliae concerned the interest rates, and stipulated that all debtors were to pay simple interest only, rather than the common compound interest that so easily bankrupted the debtors. Primary Sources on the Web: Finding, Evaluating, Using He was then assigned by lot to serve under the consul Gaius Marius. Pompey ambushed eight legions sent to relieve Praeneste but an uprising from the Samnites and the Lucanians forced Sulla to deploy south as they moved also to relieve Praeneste or join with Carbo in the north. Marius and his son, along with some others, escaped to Africa. Yes, if the painting originated at the time it depicts, then it is a primary source. His son, Faustus Cornelius Sulla, issued denarii bearing the name of the dictator,[151] as did a grandson, Quintus Pompeius Rufus. Marius, in the midst of this military crisis, sought and won repeated consulships, which upset aristocrats in the Senate; they, however, likely acknowledged the indispensability of Marius' military capabilities in defeating the Germanic invaders. As this caused a general murmur, he let one day pass, and then proscribed 220 more, and again on the third day as many. Some of these historians lived at the time of the events, and therefore, may actually be primary sources, but others, especially Plutarch (CE 45-125), who covers men from multiple eras, lived later than the events they describe. He brought Pompeii under siege. At the same time, Marius had annihilated the Cimbri's allies, the Teutones, at the Battle of Aquae Sextiae. Late in the year, Sulla cooperated with Marius (who was a legate in the northern theatre) in the northern part of southern Italy to defeat the Marsi: Marius defeated the Marsi, sending them headlong into Sulla's waiting forces. sulla primary sources. Making of America - University of Michigan Primary source is a term used in a number of disciplines to describe source material that is closest to the person, information, period, or idea being studied. Or he could attempt to reverse it and regain his command. [54] Various proposals to give the allies Roman citizenship over the decades had failed for various reasons, just as the allies also "became progressively more aware of the need to cease to be subjects and to share in the exercise of imperial power" by acquiring that citizenship. From this distance, Sulla remained out of the day-to-day political activities in Rome, intervening only a few times when his policies were involved (e.g. The Battle of Chaeronea was fought in early summer around the same time the Athenian acropolis was taken. In the ensuing fight, Sulla defeated Marius, who consequently fled to Praeneste. Categories . Marius, offering his services to Cinna, helped levy troops. [100], In the summer of 86BC, two major battles were fought in Boeotia. He hinted to them that Marius would find other men to fight Mithridates, forcing them to give up opportunities to plunder the East, claims which were "surely false". There, while giving a speech, he had three or four thousand Samnite prisoners butchered, to the shock of the attending senators. [56] When the pro-Italian plebeian tribune Marcus Livius Drusus was assassinated in 91BC while trying again to pass a bill extending Roman citizenship, the Italians revolted. Sulla immediately proscribed 80 persons without communicating with any magistrate. Athens itself was spared total destruction "in recognition of [its] glorious past" but the city was sacked. [50][51], In 94BC, Sulla repulsed the forces of Tigranes the Great of Armenia from Cappadocia. He had one child from this union, before his first wife's death. Primary and Secondary Sources: How Should They Be Used?
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sulla primary sources